Diseases such as respiratory tract occur frequently in autumn and winter. Please keep this ＂health reminder card＂!

　　Jiang chenhui

　　The temperature drops in autumn and winter, and respiratory diseases such as influenza and acute bronchitis and intestinal infectious diseases such as norovirus infection occur frequently. If you don’t pay attention to your own protection, you may encounter disease. How to adapt to the weather changes and scientifically maintain health? In this issue, we invite experts from military hospitals to share some prevention and treatment methods of common diseases in autumn and winter, hoping to help everyone.

　　— — Editor

　　Efficient prevention and treatment of influenza

　　■ Dong Liangyi Special correspondent of this newspaper is appointed during the day.

　　Recently, many places in China have entered the rising period of influenza infection. Influenza is influenza, which is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. Influenza virus is easy to mutate and highly contagious. The main transmission routes are droplet transmission and contact transmission, and people are generally susceptible.

　　Huang Lewei, deputy director of the Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Northern Theater General Hospital, said that influenza can be divided into mild, severe and critical diseases according to its severity. Most flu patients are mild, usually have fever for 3-5 days, and can recover by themselves after rest and symptomatic treatment such as fever reduction. Patients with severe influenza may have complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis and myocarditis. A few patients with rapid progress may also have serious complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute necrotizing encephalopathy or multiple organ dysfunction, reaching the critical level. Therefore, once symptoms such as persistent fever and dyspnea appear, it may be severe flu, so you should go to the hospital in time.

　　How to distinguish the flu from the common cold? The common cold has no obvious seasonality and can occur all year round; The main symptoms are sneezing, runny nose, sore throat, etc., and there are few systemic poisoning symptoms such as high fever and chills. Generally, it can be cured in about 1 week, with weak infectivity and no outbreak. Influenza is seasonal, and the epidemic peak in the northern region is generally from November to mid-March of the following year, and the epidemic peak in the southern region is generally in winter and summer every year. Compared with the common cold, influenza has an acute onset and severe symptoms, and often has obvious symptoms of systemic poisoning such as high fever, chills, headache, fatigue and loss of appetite, while respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and runny nose are mild.

　　In the flu season, if you have symptoms such as fever, body aches, weakness, etc., especially if you have had close contact with flu patients before the onset, you should be highly vigilant. Once the flu is diagnosed, it should be isolated and treated as soon as possible to prevent transmission to others. Patients with mild influenza can be treated according to the doctor’s advice. If symptoms of fever and headache occur, physical cooling can be carried out. When the fever exceeds 38.5℃, antipyretic and analgesic drugs such as loxoprofen sodium tablets and ibuprofen suspension can be taken. When cough symptoms appear, you can take licorice tablets, Asme and other cough medicines; When diarrhea symptoms appear, you can take antidiarrheal drugs such as montmorillonite powder and berberine hydrochloride. Patients with severe influenza should see a doctor as soon as possible and use antiviral drugs as soon as possible. Applying antiviral drugs within 48 hours can reduce complications and mortality.

　　The troops are highly concentrated, and if the prevention and control measures are not appropriate, it is easy to cause mass influenza incidents. Maintaining good personal hygiene habits is an important means to prevent respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza. I suggest you pay attention to the following points: strengthen indoor ventilation and keep the indoor environment clean; Wash your hands frequently, preferably with soap and running water; Don’t touch your eyes, mouth and nose at will; Go to public places as little as possible during the flu season, and wear a mask when going to public places or seeking medical treatment; Strengthen physical exercise and pay attention to the combination of work and rest in daily life to enhance the body’s resistance.

　　Vaccination against influenza is an effective means to prevent influenza. Influenza virus is easy to mutate, and the flu vaccine varies from year to year. You can vaccinate once a year before the arrival of the influenza epidemic season to prevent influenza virus infection. People over 60 years old, children aged 6 months to 5 years old, pregnant women, patients with chronic diseases, etc. have weak resistance and are high-risk groups of influenza. It is recommended to vaccinate against influenza in time under the guidance of a doctor.

　　Scientific diagnosis and treatment of acute bronchitis

　　■ Shang Yan Xu Zikai

　　Acute bronchitis is an acute inflammation of trachea and bronchial mucosa caused by virus, bacteria, mycoplasma or chlamydia infection, which often occurs in late autumn and early winter or when the temperature suddenly becomes cold. Rain, excessive fatigue, irritating gases and common allergens (such as pollen and dust mites) may all induce acute bronchitis.

　　Patients with acute bronchitis usually have symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection such as nasal congestion and sore throat, followed by dry cough or a small amount of phlegm. With the aggravation of the disease, the amount of sputum gradually increased and the symptoms of cough intensified. Some patients may have chest tightness, asthma, severe cough accompanied by chest pain and other symptoms. Patients with severe illness will also have mild to moderate fever, and most of them will return to normal after 3 to 5 days. When the cough is severe or the chest pain and asthma are obvious, you should go to the hospital for examination in time, such as chest X-ray or chest CT, to rule out pneumonia, pneumothorax and other diseases.

　　Acute bronchitis is mostly caused by viral and bacterial infections. In case of virus infection, antiviral drugs can be applied according to the virus type. If it is a bacterial infection, you can choose the corresponding antibiotics according to your doctor’s advice. If the patient only has mild cough symptoms, and his daily activities and sleep will not be affected, it is recommended to observe the condition first and do not need to apply drugs immediately. If the cough is obvious at night, you can take antitussive drugs such as compound methoxyphenamine and codeine according to your doctor’s advice. If phlegm is difficult to cough up, ambroxol hydrochloride, eucalyptus, bromhexine and other expectorant drugs can be selected according to the doctor’s advice. If you have fever symptoms, you can take antipyretic drugs, rest properly, keep warm and drink plenty of water to avoid inhaling dust and irritating gases.

　　In addition to the above-mentioned routine treatment, clinical practice has found that massage, sticking, scrapping and moxibustion can also effectively relieve the symptoms of acute bronchitis such as cough and asthma. When there are symptoms such as sore throat, cough and asthma, we can scrape the three acupoints of Tiantu, Xuanji and Huagai, which can broaden the chest, regulate qi, eliminate phlegm and relieve cough. If you cough frequently, you can apply hot compress or moxibustion at Feishu point to warm the meridians to dispel cold and promote lung qi. When there are symptoms such as headache, stuffy nose, runny nose and fever, you can pinch Hegu point, hot compress or moxibustion Dazhui point, which can play the role of dispelling wind, relieving exterior syndrome, relieving fever and relieving pain. In addition, you can massage Zusanli, Shenque, Guanyuan, Sanyinjiao and other points before going to bed, which will help to enhance the body’s resistance.

　　How to prevent acute bronchitis? I suggest you pay attention to the following points in your daily life: do a good job of keeping warm and increase or decrease clothes in time according to the weather changes; Strengthen self-protection, and wear a mask when carrying out dust operations; Make a reasonable training plan to prevent the body from excessive fatigue; Soaking feet with hot water after training can not only relieve training fatigue, but also help the body dispel cold and dampness, warm and replenish yang, and prevent respiratory infectious diseases. In addition, try to avoid close contact with people with symptoms of respiratory diseases such as fever and cough. Once there are symptoms related to acute bronchitis, you should see a doctor in time.

　　Correct understanding of norovirus

　　■ Hu Ying Huang Qiao

　　October to March is the high season of norovirus infection. Norovirus belongs to calicivirus family, which has the characteristics of low infection dose, long detoxification time, strong external environmental resistance, short immune protection time and general susceptibility of people. It is one of the common pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis. After being infected with norovirus, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting will generally occur, and some infected people will also have symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, headache and fever.

　　Norovirus is a self-limited disease. Most patients have mild symptoms after onset, and they can recover after 2-3 days’ rest without special treatment. At present, there are no antiviral drugs against norovirus. If there are related symptoms, you can take the medicine according to your doctor’s advice. If you have fever symptoms, you can take antipyretic drugs; If there are symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea, you can take probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and Bacillus licheniformis, and at the same time drink a small amount of water and take rehydration salts orally to supplement the electrolyte and water consumed by vomiting and diarrhea. It should be noted that you should not use antibiotics after being infected with Norovirus. Because norovirus is a viral infection, the use of antibiotics can not only alleviate the symptoms, but also cause intestinal flora disorder, which in turn aggravates the symptoms of diarrhea.

　　If infected with Norovirus, adults have symptoms such as persistent high fever, diarrhea or vomiting for many days, severe abdominal pain, lethargy, bloody stool or yellow bile-like liquid in vomit; Babies can’t take breast milk normally for several hours and have no urine for 4~6 hours; Children have symptoms such as anuria, sunken eye socket and poor skin elasticity for 6-8 hours, which indicates that the condition is serious, so they should seek medical attention in time and be treated according to the doctor’s advice.

　　Norovirus mainly spreads through contaminated water, food and the surface of objects. The incubation period is 12-72 hours, usually 24-48 hours. Because of the short incubation period, it is easy for many people to get sick in a short time in schools, troops and other crowded places. At present, there is no vaccine to prevent norovirus infection. Cutting off the transmission path of the virus is an effective way to prevent the spread of norovirus. Once the troops are infected with norovirus, they should immediately check whether the water source or food is polluted, and carry out strict disinfection to avoid spreading. When sterilizing the environment and articles contaminated by patients’ vomit or feces, chlorine-containing preparations should be used, and plastic gloves and masks should be worn to avoid direct contact with pollutants. Patients infected with norovirus should be treated in isolation to avoid transmission to others.

　　Maintaining good hygiene habits is an important means to prevent the spread of the virus. It is suggested that everyone should maintain hand hygiene in daily life, wash their hands with soap and running water before meals, after defecation and before processing food. Disinfecting wet wipes and hand-free disinfectants cannot replace hand washing. Pay attention to the hygiene of eating and drinking water, do not drink raw water, do not eat raw seafood and meat, and wash vegetables and fruits before eating; Do a good job in environmental cleaning and disinfection, regularly open windows for ventilation, regularly clean and disinfect rooms, kitchens, bathrooms and other public places, and use chlorine-containing disinfectants to treat sewage.