Affected by the epidemic, children are taking online classes at home, which unexpectedly gives parents an opportunity to understand their children’s classroom performance. When they saw their children swaying and looking around in class, some parents were in a hurry and even said: Is the child suffering from ADHD? On related issues, the Economic Daily reporter invited Wang Fang, the attending physician of the Department of Psychiatry of Beijing Children’s Hospital, to answer questions for everyone.

　　Some parents have observed that children can’t be quiet when they need to be quiet, such as walking around in class, or climbing up and down, or even like "perpetual motion machine", "as long as they are awake, they keep moving"; Although some people can sit in their seats, they have a lot of small movements, such as kicking and shaking their bodies. Some people have short concentration time, often stay in a daze in class, and even play with toys for only a few minutes and then quickly change to a toy; Some are easily distracted and easily influenced by the external environment; Careless, often careless in study; Avoid tasks that require high concentration, such as homework.

　　However, is it that a child is ADHD as long as he has the above symptoms?

　　"In fact, it is not. To judge whether a child has ADHD, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the child’s age, development stage and other factors." Wang Fang pointed out that most people think that ADHD means too much activity, but in fact this view is one-sided. The full name of ADHD is "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", which is a disease characterized by inattention and excessive activity.

　　"Children’s attention is constantly changing with age. The average attention time of children aged 3 to 6 in kindergarten is 5 to 10 minutes, and they can concentrate for about 20 minutes when they first enter primary school. In addition, when faced with more than two things, children have the problem of attention distribution. For example, there are toys, comics and other things that children are more interested in on the table. When children write homework, they are easily attracted by these things, and there is a problem that they cannot concentrate on their homework. " Wang Fang said.

　　Wang Fang believes that in combination with these laws of attention, it is suggested that children should also set up a special learning environment at home. There should be no distractions on the desktop, and the class time should be arranged reasonably to achieve a combination of work and rest, so as to ensure full attention in class.

　　"Parents should not worry too much about their children’s academic performance. Don’t worry about whether their children have ADHD just because they can’t sit still in an online class or because they are in a daze when they write homework one day. However, if you find that your child often has the above-mentioned multiple performances at home, and the teacher usually reflects that the child has hyperactivity or attention problems, you need to go to the psychology department and other related majors for treatment. The doctor will judge whether the child has ADHD and intervene as soon as possible. Don’t let the symptoms of ADHD have a serious impact on the child’s study and life. " Wang Fang said.

Source | Xinhua International

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Map of the spread of the Black Death

While human beings improve their own destiny, they also increase their weakness in the face of diseases. We should realize that the strength of human beings is limited, and we should bear in mind that the more we win, the more we push infectious diseases to the edge of human experience, and the more we clear the way for catastrophic infectious diseases. We can never escape the limitations of the ecosystem. Whether we are happy or not, we are all in the food chain, eating and being eaten.

-william mcneill

William Hardy McNeill

Ten worst plagues in human history.

Athens plague

(430 BC–427 BC)

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From 430 BC to 427 BC, there was a great plague in Athens, nearly half of the population died and the whole Athens was almost destroyed. Some experts believe that this epidemic is the plague. The plague in Athens was a devastating infectious disease, which attacked the whole city of ancient Greece and Rome.

The Greek historian Thucydides described the plague that destroyed Athens in this way. "People who are strong and healthy are suddenly attacked by a severe high fever, their eyes are red as if they are spraying flames, and their throats or tongues begin to be congested and emit unnatural stench. With vomiting and diarrhea, they are suffering from terrible thirst. At this time, the patients’ body pain and inflammation turn into ulcers, and they cannot sleep or endure the touch of the bed. Some patients wander naked in the street, looking for water to drink until they fall to the ground and die.

Even dogs died of this disease, crows and vultures that ate human bodies lying everywhere died, and those who survived either lost their fingers, toes and eyes or lost their memories. "

"Antony plague" in ancient Rome

(AD 164-180)

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The "Antony plague" in ancient Rome was caused by infection. According to historical records, the symptoms of this infectious disease are: severe diarrhea, vomiting, sore throat, ulceration, high fever and hot hands, gangrene or gangrene, unbearable thirst, and purulent skin.

Soldiers who fought in the Near East returned to the Roman Empire, bringing smallpox and measles to the people of Anthony. Infectious diseases killed two Roman emperors. The first one was Lucius Verus, who died of illness in 169, and the second one was his successor, Kyle Aurelius Antoninus, who was an emperor until 180 AD, but was also doomed by infection.

The plague broke out again nine years later. According to Dioka, a Roman historian, at that time, 2,000 people died of illness in Rome one day, equivalent to a quarter of the infected people. It is estimated that the total death toll is as high as 5 million. In some places, the plague killed one third of the total population, greatly weakening the Roman army.

The plague also had a great influence on the society and politics of the Roman Empire, especially on the field of literature and art. In the picture below, the remains in the pit are the bones of the victims of infectious diseases, which is shocking.

At that time, it was in the second year of the Peloponnesian War, just as the victory of Athens was within reach. It is said that plague was introduced into Athens from Piraeus, a port city of Athens and a major source of food and daily necessities. Sparta and some parts of the eastern Mediterranean were also attacked by diseases.

This plague was revived twice in the winter of 429 BC and 427 BC. Modern historians disagree that plague was the reason why Athens lost in the Peloponnesian War. However, it is generally believed that the defeat of the war paved the way for Macedonia’s victory, and finally, the Roman Empire was established. According to historical records, the plague broke out in various forms, including typhoid fever, smallpox, measles, and toxic shock syndrome.

Justinian plague

（541-542）

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Justinian plague refers to the first large-scale plague that broke out in the Mediterranean world from 541 to 542 AD. It caused extremely serious losses and deep damage to the Byzantine Empire. Its extremely high mortality rate caused the population of the Byzantine Empire to drop significantly, the labor force and troops to drop sharply, and the normal life order was seriously damaged. It also had far-reaching social negative consequences, and had a far-reaching impact on the historical development of the Byzantine Empire, the Mediterranean and Europe.

After the 4th century A.D., the once-prosperous Roman Empire gradually split into two parts: East and West. The emperors of the Byzantine Empire, which is far from the east, have always regarded themselves as the orthodox heirs of the Roman Empire, so they have been trying to recover lost ground, reunify the Roman Empire and reproduce the glory of the past. By the 6th century, Justinian, the emperor of Byzantine Empire, decided to take action to realize this dream. Thus, Justinian launched a conquest war against the western Mediterranean world in 533 AD. However, just as he swept across North Africa and conquered Italy, and was about to reappear the glory of the Roman Empire, an unprecedented plague came unexpectedly, which made the dream of rejuvenating the Eastern Roman Empire come to nothing. In 541 AD, the plague began to break out in Egypt, a territory of the Eastern Roman Empire, and then quickly spread to the capital Constantinople and other areas.

At that time, there were many strange and horrible scenes: when people were talking to each other, they couldn’t start shaking and then fell to the ground; When people are shopping, standing there talking or counting change, death will come unexpectedly. The poor people who slept on the street were the first to be infected with the plague. At the worst of the plague, 5,000 to 7,000 people died in one day, even tens of thousands of people died unfortunately.

In extreme fear, officials had to report to Justinian that the death toll soon exceeded 230,000, and there were no enough burial places. The bodies had to be piled up in the street, and the whole city smelled of corpses. Justinian himself was almost infected with the plague. In fear, he ordered the construction of many huge tombs that could bury tens of thousands of bodies, and recruited workers to dig holes to bury the dead with heavy money to stop the further spread of the plague. As a result, a large number of bodies, men and women, young and old, covered nearly 100 layers and were buried together. Plague killed 40% of the residents in Constantinople. It continued to ravage for half a century until a quarter of the Roman population died of plague. The famine and civil strife caused by the plague completely shattered Justinian’s ambition, and also weakened the Eastern Roman Empire to the point of collapse.

black death

（1347 – 1351）

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The Black Death is one of the deadliest plagues in human history. It is generally believed that it is caused by a bacterium called plague. But recently, some people think it is caused by other diseases. The origin of plague has caused widespread controversy among experts. Some historians believe that the Black Death began in China or Central Asia in the 1420s and 1930s. In the following years, it was carried by businessmen and soldiers to Crimea in southern Russia. In the 1440s, the epidemic spread from Crimea to Western Europe and North Africa. The Black Death caused 75 million deaths worldwide, including 25 million to 50 million deaths in Europe.

A symptom of the Black Death is that there are many black spots on the patient’s skin, so this special plague is called "Black Death". For those infected with the disease, painful death is almost inevitable, and there is no possibility of cure.

The pathogen that caused the plague was carried by fleas hidden in the fur of black mice. In the 14th century, there were many black mice. Once the disease occurs, it will spread rapidly. Between 1348 and 1350, a total of 25 million Europeans died of the Black Death. However, the epidemic did not stop there. In the next 40 years, it happened again and again.

Before the plague bacteria broke out again in the 1420s, it had been lurking in the Gobi desert of Asia for hundreds of years, and then it quickly spread around with the blood in fleas on rats, from China to Central Asia and Turkey along the caravan trade route, and then it was taken to Italy and entered Europe by ship. The dense population in Europe has become the gunpowder barrel of this disease. In three years, the Black Death ravaged the whole European continent and then spread to Russia, resulting in the death of nearly one third to half of the Russian population.

American plague

(16th century)

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Before the arrival of Europeans, there were 4 million to 5 million aborigines living in America, most of whom died in the 16th century, and some historians even called it "the biggest genocide in human history". However, the most direct killer who took the lives of Indians was not the guns of Europeans, but the plague they brought.

When Columbus arrived in the New World, Europeans had already experienced the catastrophe of fatal infectious diseases for many times, and also found ways to treat some infectious diseases. However, America was isolated from Eurasia for a long time before, and Indians were almost completely isolated from these diseases. European diseases began to spread to the New World after Columbus’s first trip to America. Mumps, measles, smallpox, cholera, gonorrhea and yellow fever, which have long been adapted by Europeans, are extremely lethal to Indians because their immune systems are almost immune, especially measles and smallpox. Therefore, even though the Aztecs and other Central American aborigines had walls that Europeans could not break, they were defeated by foreign plagues.

The plague destroyed the Aztec. In 1521, when the army of Mexican colonists began to besiege the fortress of Aztecs, the Mexican aborigines, they met with stubborn resistance and the attacks were repelled again and again. The Spanish, who were badly hit, thought that the Aztecs would take the opportunity to launch a deadly counterattack, but the troops in the castle were slow to see any action. This gave the Spaniards time to breathe. On August 21st, they launched a new offensive, but they did not encounter any resistance. The situation in the castle made them unbelievable: dead bodies were everywhere, and the smell of rotting bodies was everywhere. A force more deadly than the Spanish army had swept through the city, that is, the plague.

Some people once thought that it was backward weapons and technology that made American Indians lose to western colonists. Because in the traditional concept, the advanced weapons of Europeans have always been the key to their victory, but the western muskets at that time were not advanced. Indians soon found that although muskets were powerful, it was not easy to aim at them, and their fear of new weapons disappeared. And the long-range power of Indian bows and arrows is not inferior. In the 15th century, Inca culture in Latin America reached its peak. They built fields, had a clear social division of labor, and created a prosperous economy. Their knowledge of astronomy and geography was enough to amaze modern people. However, such a plague has made such a not backward race on the verge of extinction in just a few decades.

In fact, the spread of infectious diseases in Europe completely exceeded the speed of colonists’ advance to the American continent, and most Indians who learned of the arrival of Europeans from coastal residents were also infected with new diseases. Therefore, when the colonists arrived in Chile in the 1520s, the Inca civilization here had already been hit hard by smallpox, and almost all the royal families were killed by the plague. The new battle for the throne split the whole country in two, which gave the Spaniards an opportunity.

Resistance to disease was also the reason why the plague prevailed at that time. Infectious diseases are mostly mutated from animals, first transmitted to people, and then spread among human groups. Because Europe has a long history of agriculture and a large number of livestock, frequent contact with germs has formed adaptability for thousands of years; Indians, on the other hand, are not. The underdevelopment of agriculture makes them congenital lack of experience in contact with livestock. Their bodies rarely encounter such germs, so they have no immunity at all, so they are defeated in front of smallpox. Africans, on the other hand, have similar immune systems and resistance because of their earlier contact with Europeans. And the spread of disease can also be two-way. At that time, the only disease that was introduced into Europe from America was syphilis, which claimed the lives of a large number of Europeans.

Milan plague

（1629–1631）

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From 1629 to 1631, a series of plagues broke out in Italy, usually called the Milan Plague. Including rumba and Venice, the plague killed about 280 thousand people. The Great Plague in Milan is the last great plague among all epidemic plagues after the Black Death began.

In 1629, German and French soldiers brought infectious diseases to mantua. During the Thirty Years’ War, the Venetian army was infected with the disease. When they retreated to north-central Italy, they spread the disease to the local people. At that time, the total population of Milan was 130 thousand, and the number of people who died of illness in this plague was as high as 60 thousand.

Great plague in London

（1665-1666）

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The Great Plague in London refers to a large-scale plague that occurred in England from 1665 to 1666. In this plague, 75,000 to 100,000 people died, more than one-fifth of the total population of London at that time. It was historically identified as a large-scale black death caused by bubonic plague, and Yersinia pestis was infected by people through fleas. This infectious disease was the last large-scale outbreak of bubonic plague in England in 1665.

There are two theories about the source of the plague. One is from France. In April 1665, two French sailors fainted at the intersection of Trulli Street and Longacre in West End of London. Later, the virus they carried caused widespread infection. Another way of saying this is that the plague virus comes from the Netherlands, where the disease has spread since 1599. The first area hit by the plague was St Gilles parish in London. In the winter from the end of 1664 to the beginning of 1665, there were already cases there, but it was not until the spring of 1665 that the disease spread rapidly on a large scale due to the massive increase of population and the sharp deterioration of sanitary conditions. By July 1665, the plague had spread all over London. At that time, King Charles II and his family were forced to leave London for Oxfordshire, but the mayor and counselor were still sticking to their posts. And some clergy, doctors and pharmacists have been busy all summer. The streets are full of doctors in charge of plague, although many of them are unlicensed.

Because the plague spread very quickly, people had to seal off the houses where the sick people lived, and paint the Red Cross outside the closed door with the words "God bless" written on it. No one was allowed to enter or leave. Only at a limited time every day, food and water are sent through the window by special personnel. Thousands of patients died miserably under such bad conditions, and at most, no fewer than ten thousand people died in a week. By early September, the bustling city of London had completely turned into a silent dead city. All the shops are closed, there are almost no pedestrians in the street, and the roadside is covered with lush weeds. The only job in the city that can break the silence from time to time is to transport the bodies. Every night, the corpse truck "Gollum, Gollum!" The sound of wheels and the mournful ringing of cars made people feel creepy. At first, the burial work was only carried out in the middle of the night. Later, the number of the dead was too large, and it had to be carried out day and night. The bodies of the deceased were littered with corpse trucks and transported to burial pits everywhere. There, the workers in charge of burying bodies often cover their faces, ring bells and say, "rest in peace!" " Pour the body into the pit in a hurry, cover it with thin soil and leave in a hurry.

Records show that the number of deaths in London has been rising from 1,000 to 2,000 per week, and by September 1665, there were 7,000 deaths per week on average. By late autumn, the situation had been controlled to a certain extent. By February 1666, the city was considered safe enough to welcome the king. At the same time, due to the commercial exchanges with the European continent, the plague spread to France. After that, until September 1666, the plague was still moderately prevalent. On September 2 and 3, a fire broke out in the city of London, which destroyed most of the infected houses, which was the beginning of the improvement of the situation. Another possible reason is that most of the infected people have died. Since then, the city of London has been rebuilt on the basis of the fire, and it has been reborn after this plague.

the great plague of marseille

（1720 – 1722）

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In 1720, Marseille was hit by a plague, which was the worst disaster in the city’s history and one of the worst plagues in Europe in the early 18th century.

In 1720, a plague broke out in Marseille, France, affecting the whole city and surrounding cities, killing 100 thousand people. The plague came and went quickly, and Marseille quickly recovered from it. It took only a few short years for the economy to recover and develop rapidly, and trade expanded to the West Indies and Latin America. By 1765, the population growth had returned to the level before 1720. This plague is not as destructive as the Black Death in the 14th century.

The rapid end of this plague is not unrelated to the tough measures taken by the French government. The government stipulates that if Marseille citizens have any contact or communication with people in Provence and other places, they will be sentenced to death. In order to strengthen the isolation, the plague wall was also established.

Black Death in Moscow

(1771)

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The first signs of plague in Moscow were at the end of 1770, and it became an epidemic plague in the spring of 1771.

At that time, the government took a series of measures, such as setting up isolation zones, destroying polluted property and closing public baths. The great plague caused great panic and anger among the citizens. The economy of the whole city is paralyzed, mainly because many factories, markets, shops and administrative buildings have been closed. Then there is a serious shortage of food, which has caused the living standards of most Moscow people to become lower and lower. In order to escape the plague, the aristocracy and rich people left Moscow one after another.

On the morning of September 17, 1771, about 1000 people gathered at the entrance of Spasskiye again, demanding the release of captured anti-government militants and the elimination of isolation. The army tried to disperse the crowd, but it couldn’t. In the end, it could only suppress the riot again. About 300 people were imprisoned. On September 26th, a government official under Carracin orlov was sent to Moscow to restore social order.

In order to alleviate the impact of the plague, the government took some measures, such as providing jobs for citizens and distributing food to them, which finally calmed the dissatisfaction of Moscow people.

The third plague pandemic

（1885-1950s）

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The third plague pandemic refers to a major plague that began in Yunnan, China Province in 1855. This worldwide pandemic is famous for its rapid spread and wider spread than the previous two. The plague spread to all inhabited continents. After it first spread from Yunnan to Guizhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Fuzhou and Xiamen, the death toll in these places reached more than 100,000. The plague in southern China also spread rapidly to India, to San Francisco in 1900, to Europe and Africa, and to more than 60 countries in 77 ports in 10 years. In India and China alone, more than 12 million people died of this plague. According to the World Health Organization, the parade lasted until 1959, when the number of people who died of plague in the world was reduced to about 200. The characteristic of this epidemic is that the epidemic areas are mostly distributed in coastal cities and densely populated residential areas nearby, and there are also epidemics among domestic animals.

Almost all Chinese and foreign scholars agree that the third world plague pandemic originated in Yunnan, and that Yunnan is an ancient focus of rodent plague, but they all assert that there is no natural focus of plague in Yunnan, and that the plague in Yunnan is imported. That is, it was introduced directly or from India and Myanmar. However, in 1974, plague workers in Yunnan isolated Yersinia pestis from Apodemus sinensis in Jianchuan County, Yunnan Province, which confirmed that there was a natural plague focus in western Yunnan, and scholars called it the Chiese plague focus of the longitudinal valley miletus in western Yunnan, which provided further scientific basis for the third plague pandemic.

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Original title: "Ten worst plagues in human history"

　　This newspaper (reporter Wang Wei)
The quality of sports and leisure shoes is directly related to the comfort and health of the masses, especially to the growth and development of children. Yesterday, Beijing Consumers Association announced the results of a comparative test on 80 sports and leisure shoes. The results showed that 16 samples did not meet the requirements of test standards or comparative test schemes. Product identification, folding resistance of finished shoes, wear resistance of outsole, rubbing color fastness of lining and inner pad, and phthalate esters are the main unqualified items. Unqualified samples involve brands such as Red Dragonfly, Decathlon and Jordan.

　　The Beijing Youth Daily reporter learned that the samples of this comparative experiment were all purchased online, and the staff of the Consumers Association of the city bought them as ordinary consumers from four e-commerce platforms: Tmall, JD.COM, Vipshop and Pinduoduo, with a total of 80 samples of 49 brands, including 50 adult shoes and 30 children’s shoes. The unit price ranges from 59.01 yuan to 1800 yuan, and the samples cover a wide range and are representative.

　　City Consumers Association said that in this comparative test, the product identification did not meet the standard requirements most, including DECATHLON/ Decathlon sports shoes, BeLLE/ Belle children’s travel shoes, NIKKO’s hiking shoes, FILA shoes (unnamed product name), HOBIBEAR’s boutique children’s shoes, Jordan’s running shoes, New.
Balance’s male/female sports shoes, Clarks’ women’s casual shoes, Hotwind’s women’s fashion casual shoes, New
Balance children’s sports shoes, FILA running shoes, etc. In addition, a sample of red dragonfly children’s fashion running shoes was found to be unqualified in the wear resistance of the outsole; Cabbeen’s men’s casual shoes were found to be unqualified in folding resistance.

　　Consumers’ Association reminds consumers that when purchasing sports and leisure shoes, they should pay attention to checking the product identification labels, including whether the product information on shoes, tags and shoe boxes is complete and accurate. For products with rough packaging and incomplete identification information (such as lack of enterprise name or contact information, product name, shoe size, material and three-guarantee regulations, etc.), they should be cautious in purchasing. Do not buy shoes with pungent smell, which means that there may be harmful chemicals left on the shoes. You should buy shoes without odor or obvious smell.

　　Cctv newsOn April 23rd, Li Xinggan, director of the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Commerce, introduced that many new changes have taken place in the international market in the past three years. One of the important changes is that more and more consumers around the world are accustomed to online shopping. Through cross-border e-commerce platforms, people can buy all over the world without leaving home. At present, all countries in the world are vigorously developing cross-border e-commerce. According to the WTO report, global B2C cross-border e-commerce will maintain a growth rate of 27% by 2026. In recent years, cross-border e-commerce in our country has maintained a rapid development momentum, which has increased nearly tenfold in five years. In the first quarter of this year, it continued to maintain a high-speed growth momentum.

　　Cross-border e-commerce is a growing point of foreign trade growth. Around the development of cross-border e-commerce, we will do the following four things:

　　First, develop "cross-border e-commerce+industrial belt". Relying on our country’s 165 cross-border e-commerce comprehensive test zones, combined with the industrial endowments and location advantages of various places, we will promote more products with local characteristics to better enter the international market. That is to say, while doing a good job in consumer-oriented B2C business, we will also vigorously support our traditional foreign trade enterprises, expand sales channels, cultivate brands and expand trade scale through cross-border e-commerce, especially expand the scale of B2B trade and service capabilities for enterprises.

　　Second, build an online integrated service platform. In recent years, various comprehensive test areas are actively promoting the construction of online integrated service platforms, and the concept is "let enterprises run less errands and let data run more". At present, there are more than 60,000 cross-border e-commerce enterprises served by these platforms, which is about 60% of the national cross-border e-commerce enterprises. It is also necessary to support and guide these cross-border e-commerce comprehensive test areas, further optimize the functions of service platforms, and guide overseas warehouse enterprises to dock online comprehensive service platforms. We strive to integrate the functions of customs clearance, taxation, finance and overseas warehousing, and realize the "one-stop access" comprehensive service, so that such a convenient integrated service can benefit all cross-border e-commerce enterprises.

　　Third, improve the assessment, promote excellence and help the strong. According to the requirements of the State Council, starting from 2021, we will carry out the assessment of the comprehensive test area together with relevant departments. This year, we will continue to optimize and adjust the assessment indicators in combination with the new characteristics of cross-border e-commerce. Through the assessment, we will guide the comprehensive test area to optimize the development environment, enhance the innovation level, accelerate the cultivation of a number of key enterprises, and enable outstanding enterprises to grow up better and faster, thus enhancing international competitiveness. At present, we are also preparing for the work promotion meeting of our national cross-border e-commerce comprehensive test area, exchanging local experiences and sharing effective practices, so as to better play the leading role of the excellent comprehensive test area.

　　Fourth, guide compliance management and prevent and control risks. Actively cooperate with China National Intellectual Property Administration, speed up the introduction of guidelines for the protection of intellectual property rights of cross-border e-commerce, help cross-border e-commerce enterprises understand the intellectual property rights in the target market, and do their homework in advance. As we all know, the protection of intellectual property rights at the national level has been increasing in recent years. In the field of cross-border e-commerce, we should set an example to protect intellectual property rights, put an end to counterfeit and shoddy products, and make cross-border e-commerce platforms and enterprises in China the base camp of "authentic, excellent and beautiful" products. At the same time, let cross-border e-commerce platforms and cross-border e-commerce enterprises become spokespersons for fast fashion consumption, thus attracting more consumers, especially young consumers, and fully protecting the legitimate rights and interests of global consumers.

　　Jin Zhuanglong, Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, published an article "Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces and deepening new industrialization" in Qiushi magazine. The article points out that industry is the carrier of new quality productivity. Actively adapt to and lead the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, truly put scientific and technological innovation on industrial development, promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and constantly cultivate new kinetic energy and form new advantages. Transform and upgrade traditional industries, implement the technological transformation and upgrading project of manufacturing industry and the excellent quality project of manufacturing industry, promote the transformation of traditional manufacturing industry to high-end, intelligent and green, make old trees sprout and add vitality, and enhance their position and competitiveness in the global industrial division of labor. Cultivate and expand emerging industries, make good use of the domestic big market and rich application scenarios, systematically promote technological innovation, large-scale development and industrial ecological construction, and promote the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries such as 5G, intelligent networked vehicles, new energy, new materials, bio-manufacturing, commercial aerospace and low-altitude economy. Forward-looking layout of future industries, strengthening the research and development and application promotion of cutting-edge technologies, creating iconic products, and opening up new tracks such as artificial intelligence, humanoid robots, brain-computer interface, metauniverse, next-generation Internet, 6G, quantum information and deep-sea aerospace development, so as to build new advantages for future development.

　　The full text is as follows

　　Accelerate the development of new quality productive forces and further promote new industrialization

　　Jin Zhuanglong

　　On January 31st, 2024, when presiding over the 11th collective study in the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "developing new-quality productive forces is the inherent requirement and an important focus to promote high-quality development" and "we must continue to do a good job in this great article, so as to accelerate the development of new-quality productive forces". In the new era and new journey, it is the key task to comprehensively promote the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese modernization and realize new industrialization. The industrial and information system should thoroughly study and implement the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on developing new-quality productive forces, firmly grasp the key task of realizing new-type industrialization, accelerate the development of new-quality productive forces, further promote new-type industrialization, promote high-quality development, and provide a solid material and technical foundation for Chinese modernization.

　　First, deeply understand the significance of accelerating the development of new quality productive forces to further promote new industrialization.

　　Since 2023, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has made a series of important expositions on developing new-quality productive forces, and profoundly answered major theoretical and practical questions such as "what is new-quality productive forces, why should we develop new-quality productive forces, and how to develop new-quality productive forces". General Secretary of the Supreme Leader’s important exposition on developing new quality productive forces has deepened our Party’s understanding of the law of the development of productive forces with a new vision, made original contributions to the development of Marxist productive forces theory, further enriched the economic thought of the Supreme Leader, and provided an action guide and fundamental follow-up for promoting new industrialization.

　　The only way to realize the transformation from a manufacturing power to a manufacturing power. New quality productivity means a qualitative leap in productivity, which is a subversive change to the traditional mode of production. Industrialization is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s unswerving goal. Since the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has United and led the people of the whole country to vigorously promote socialist industrialization, and gradually established an independent and relatively complete industrial system. It took only a few decades to complete the industrialization process that developed countries have gone through for hundreds of years, and successfully embarked on an industrialization road suitable for China’s national conditions. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, China’s new industrialization development has made historic achievements, the unique advantages of complete industrial system, many varieties and large scale have become more prominent, the industrial scientific and technological innovation capability has been greatly improved, the industrial structure has been continuously optimized and upgraded, and the strength and competitiveness of enterprises have been significantly enhanced. At present, China’s industrial development is at an important juncture from big to strong, the problem of insufficient development imbalance is still outstanding, the manufacturing industry is still at the low end of the global value chain as a whole, and there are many shortcomings and weaknesses in key core technologies, industrial basic capabilities and high-end product supply. To further promote new industrialization, push China’s industry from the low-end to the high-end and build a manufacturing power, the fundamental thing is to completely get rid of the traditional economic growth mode and productivity development path, create new advantages and enhance new kinetic energy. In the new era and new journey, we must put the development of new quality productivity in a prominent position, promote quality change, efficiency change and power change, and improve total factor productivity.Inject more powerful impetus into promoting new industrialization.

　　It is an inevitable choice to seize the opportunity of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. Every major scientific and technological revolution in human society has brought about great improvement of productivity and optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and promoted industrialization to a higher level. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is advancing by leaps and bounds, global scientific and technological innovation is unprecedentedly intensive and active, and subversive technologies in the fields of information technology, manufacturing technology, new material technology and new energy technology are constantly emerging. The combination of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet and big data with traditional technologies has driven major technological changes characterized by green, intelligence and integration, spawned a number of new formats with great influence, promoted the continuous optimization of factors and their combinations, and promoted productivity. The new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation in the world has formed a historic intersection with China’s transformation of development mode. We are faced with a once-in-a-lifetime historical opportunity and a severe challenge that the gap may be widened. In the new era and new journey, we must firmly grasp innovation as the first driving force for development, accelerate the upgrading of industrial scientific and technological innovation capability, deepen the reform of system and mechanism, develop and expand strategic emerging industries, lay out future industries in a forward-looking way, make full use of advanced and applicable technologies such as digital intelligence technology and green technology to transform and upgrade traditional industries, continuously promote the development of new quality productive forces to make new progress and breakthroughs, and push the development of new industrialization to a new level.

　　The urgent need to improve the toughness and safety level of industrial chain supply chain. It is an important feature that the supply chain of industrial chain cannot fall off at a critical moment. Today, the world is experiencing a great change that has never happened in a century. The global industrial development and division of labor have been profoundly adjusted, unilateralism and protectionism have obviously increased, industrial chain restructuring, supply chain reconstruction and value chain reshaping have been deepened, and international competition in the manufacturing sector has become increasingly fierce. In particular, the United States has engaged in "small courtyard and high wall" and "decoupling and breaking the chain", which has continuously intensified the containment and suppression of China’s technological progress and industrial upgrading, and the risk of security and stability of China’s industrial chain supply chain has increased. Accelerating the development of new quality productivity, leading industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, strengthening key core technology research, promoting the emergence of original and subversive innovations, and giving birth to new industries, new models and new kinetic energy can significantly enhance the resilience and competitiveness of the industrial chain supply chain. In the new era and new journey, we must work hard to develop new quality productivity, strengthen the deep integration of innovation chain’s industrial chain, fight the tough battle of upgrading the industrial base and modernizing the industrial chain, effectively prevent and resolve the risk challenges, and ensure that the new industrialization will go deep, solid and far-reaching.

　　Second, firmly grasp the key tasks of developing new quality productive forces and promoting new industrialization

　　Report to the 20th CPC National Congress, the Communist Party of China, clearly put forward that the focus of economic development should be on the real economy, promote new industrialization and accelerate the construction of a manufacturing power. In the new era and new journey, we must unify our thoughts and actions with the spirit of the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, firmly grasp the primary task of high-quality development, and make concerted efforts in innovation, industry, transformation, enterprises and other aspects to accelerate the development of new quality productivity, shape new kinetic energy and new advantages, promote China’s industry to accelerate to the middle and high end of the global value chain, and constantly create a new situation of new industrialization development.

　　Comprehensively improve the ability of industrial scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation is the core element of developing new-quality productive forces. We must concentrate on doing a good job in this big article, promote industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, strengthen the construction of industrial scientific and technological innovation system, and cultivate new kinetic energy for developing new-quality productive forces. Strengthen key core technology research, do a good job in the implementation of major scientific and technological projects and key R&D plans, explore new national systems and new models, promote technological research, iterative application and ecological cultivation in one body, and accelerate breakthroughs in major strategic technologies and products. Strengthen the dominant position of enterprise innovation, implement policies such as adding and deducting R&D expenses of enterprises, build more national innovation platforms in enterprise layout, encourage and support qualified enterprises to undertake national scientific and technological innovation projects, and guide more innovative elements such as talents, capital and technology to gather in enterprises. Build a high-level industrial science and technology innovation platform network, optimize the construction and layout of manufacturing innovation centers, build a number of experimental verification platforms and pilot platforms, and enhance the function of industrial technology public service platforms. We will promote the popularization, application and iterative upgrading of innovative products, focus on cracking the bottleneck of realizing the "one-stop" transformation of technological breakthroughs, product manufacturing, market models and industrial development, improve and make good use of policies such as the first set and the first batch, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces. Adhere to the development of high technology, realize industrialization, form new quality productivity, promote the national high-tech industrial development zone to improve quality and efficiency, give play to the role of the national independent innovation demonstration zone, and build a world-leading science and technology park and innovative highland. Strengthen the support of industrial science and technology innovation services and promote the high-quality development of science and technology service industry.

　　Improve the toughness and safety level of the industrial chain supply chain. Ensuring that the industrial system is autonomous, controllable, safe and reliable is an important focus of developing new quality productive forces. Layout the industrial chain around the development of new quality productive forces, focus on areas related to safe development, build an independent, controllable, safe and reliable industrial chain supply chain, and enhance the continuity and competitiveness of industrial development. We will fully implement the high-quality development actions of key manufacturing industry chains, focus on filling short boards, drawing long boards, forging new boards, strengthening the upstream and downstream collaborative research of the industrial chain, and turning points into beads and beads into chains to ensure the stable and smooth supply chain of the industrial chain. In-depth implementation of industrial base reconstruction projects and major technical equipment research projects, improve the quality and competitiveness of basic products such as basic components, basic components, basic software and basic materials, and break through a number of strategic landmark equipment. Optimize the layout of industrial chain, speed up the construction of a number of world-class advanced manufacturing clusters, build a number of national new industrialization demonstration zones, and support economic and technological development zones, high-tech industrial development zones, industrial parks and other parks to play a greater role in developing new quality productivity. Promote the orderly transfer of industries, innovate the cooperation mode of industrial transfer, do a good job in the docking activities of industrial transfer development, and build a pattern of industrial gradient transfer in the eastern, central and western regions.

　　Build a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone. Industry is the carrier of new productivity. Actively adapt to and lead the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, truly put scientific and technological innovation on industrial development, promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and constantly cultivate new kinetic energy and form new advantages. Transform and upgrade traditional industries, implement the technological transformation and upgrading project of manufacturing industry and the excellent quality project of manufacturing industry, promote the transformation of traditional manufacturing industry to high-end, intelligent and green, make old trees sprout and add vitality, and enhance their position and competitiveness in the global industrial division of labor. Cultivate and expand emerging industries, make good use of the domestic big market and rich application scenarios, systematically promote technological innovation, large-scale development and industrial ecological construction, and promote the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries such as 5G, intelligent networked vehicles, new energy, new materials, bio-manufacturing, commercial aerospace and low-altitude economy. Forward-looking layout of future industries, strengthening the research and development and application promotion of cutting-edge technologies, creating iconic products, and opening up new tracks such as artificial intelligence, humanoid robots, brain-computer interface, metauniverse, next-generation Internet, 6G, quantum information and deep-sea aerospace development, so as to build new advantages for future development.

　　Promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy. As a new production factor in the digital age, data is an important driving force for the development of new productivity. Give full play to the empowering role of data elements, promote the deep integration of digital economy and real economy, accelerate the fundamental change of manufacturing industry model and enterprise form, and promote the digital economy to be stronger, better and bigger. Accelerate the pace of digital transformation of manufacturing industry, implement digital transformation action of manufacturing industry, intelligent manufacturing engineering and special action of digital empowerment of small and medium-sized enterprises, and promote the popularization and application of new generation information technology in the whole chain of manufacturing industry. Promote the innovative application of artificial intelligence and empower new industrialization at a high level. Develop the core industries of the digital economy, consolidate and enhance the leading position and competitiveness of the information and communication industry, improve the development level of integrated circuits, key software and communication equipment, and accelerate the integration and innovation of 5G, Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data and virtual reality. Appropriately advance the layout and construction of new information infrastructure such as 5G, data center and computing power, implement the industrial Internet innovation and development project in depth, and build a number of globally competitive industrial Internet platforms. Improve network and data security capabilities.

　　Further promote the green and low-carbon development of industry. Green and low carbon is the ecological background of new industrialization. New quality productivity itself is green productivity. Firmly establish and practice Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’s concept and promote the innovation of industrial development mode. Steadily promote carbon emission reduction in industrial fields, implement the peak carbon dioxide emissions implementation plan for industrial fields and key industries, improve the industrial energy consumption structure, accelerate the research and development, popularization and application of energy-saving and carbon-reducing technologies and products, and make overall plans to promote peak carbon dioxide emissions in key industries such as steel, nonferrous metals, building materials, petrochemicals and chemicals. Build a green manufacturing and service system, implement green manufacturing projects in depth, increase the supply of green products, build a number of green factories, green industrial parks and green supply chains, strengthen green manufacturing, develop green low-carbon industries, and promote the electrification transformation of inland rivers and offshore ships. Promote resource conservation and efficient utilization, fully implement circular production methods, accelerate the circular transformation of parks, and promote circular links and collaborative utilization among enterprises, parks, industries and regions. Accelerate the construction of a resource recycling system and promote the standardized development of renewable resources comprehensive utilization industry.

　　Focus on promoting the steady growth of industrial economy. Maintaining the stability and sustained growth of industrial economy is an important basis for developing new quality productive forces and promoting new industrialization. We will implement a series of policies and measures to stabilize growth, keep the proportion of manufacturing industry basically stable, and play the role of "ballast stone" in stabilizing the macro-economic market. Give play to the leading role of key industries and key regions, implement the work plan for the steady growth of 10 major industries such as steel, petrochemical and automobile, support major industrial provinces to "take the lead", consolidate and enhance the role of power sources and growth poles in key regions such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, guide localities to base themselves on local resource endowments, industrial bases and scientific research conditions, highlight industries with distinctive advantages, and develop new quality productivity according to local conditions. Efforts will be made to expand investment and consumption, implement the implementation plan to promote the upgrading of equipment in the industrial field, continue to do a good job in the implementation of major projects in the manufacturing industry during the 14 th Five-Year Plan, continue to carry out the action of "improving quality, increasing varieties and creating brands", promote high-quality products such as new energy vehicles, green building materials and smart home appliances to the countryside, and strive to stabilize mass consumption and cultivate new consumption. Stabilize and expand the export of industrial products, consolidate and develop the "new three kinds" and create more export growth points.

　　Promote the complementary advantages of various enterprises and compete for development. Enterprises are the most active subject in generating and developing new quality productivity, and the development of new quality productivity depends on enterprises in the final analysis. Guide enterprises to practice their internal skills, forge competitiveness for new quality productivity, cultivate world-class enterprises, and expand specialized and innovative enterprise groups. Promote state-owned enterprises to become stronger, better and bigger, enhance their core functions, improve their core competitiveness, and accelerate the layout optimization and structural adjustment of the state-owned economy. Cultivate a number of manufacturing enterprises, focus on key industries and fields, support leading enterprises to optimize and integrate the innovation chain value chain of the industrial chain, support strategic cooperation and strong alliance among enterprises, and cultivate a number of first-class enterprises with ecological dominance and industrial chain control. Promote the specialized and innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises, strengthen policy guidance, and stimulate the emergence of more specialized and innovative enterprises, "little giant" enterprises and single champion enterprises in manufacturing. Promote the development of large, medium and small enterprises, and build an enterprise innovation and development ecology in which large, medium and small enterprises are interdependent and mutually promoting.

　　Third, improve the system and mechanism for developing new quality productive forces and promoting new industrialization

　　The relations of production must meet the requirements of the development of productive forces. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "To develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reform in an all-round way and form a new type of production relationship that is compatible with it." We must persist in giving impetus to reform and vitality to opening up, vigorously promote institutional innovation, promote a better combination of effective market and promising government, open up the blocking points that constrain the development of new-quality productive forces, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, improve the industrial governance system, create a good development environment, and allow all kinds of advanced and high-quality production factors to flow smoothly to the development of new-quality productive forces, thus providing strong power support for the development of new-quality productive forces and the promotion of new industrialization.

　　Deepen the reform of key areas and key links. Adhere to the direction of socialist market economy reform, give full play to the decisive role of the market in allocating resources, give better play to the role of the government, and stimulate the vitality of the development of new quality productive forces. Adhere to the "two unwavering", promote the deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises, promote the development of private economy, improve the support policies for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, improve the long-term mechanism to prevent and resolve the arrears of corporate accounts, and create a good environment for fair competition and competitive development of enterprises of all types. Promote the construction of a unified national market, promote the reform of market-oriented allocation of factors, break down local protection and regional barriers, and promote the independent and orderly flow of factors and efficient and fair allocation. Accelerate the cultivation and development of the data factor market, strengthen the construction of basic systems such as data confirmation, transaction and cross-border transmission, standardize data collection and processing, cultivate business entities of the data industry, build a good ecology for industrial development, promote the mining and creation of data value, and better empower the development of new quality productivity.

　　Improve the modernization level of industrial governance. Give full play to the guiding role of strategy, planning, policies and standards, promote the modernization of industrial governance system and governance capacity, and provide a strong guarantee for developing new quality productivity and promoting new industrialization. Give play to the strategic guiding role of planning, improve the implementation mechanism of planning, strengthen policy coordination, do a good job in the implementation of the "14 th Five-Year Plan" for industry and informatization, and reasonably guide market expectations and the behavior of business entities. Improve the industrial policy system, optimize the implementation mode of industrial policies, strengthen the policy orientation of developing the real economy, promote the synergy between industrial policies and fiscal, taxation, finance, science and technology, trade, environmental protection and other policies, strengthen the consistency evaluation of macro-policy orientation, and enhance the overall effectiveness of policies. Promote the optimization of fiscal and taxation support policies. We will implement the notification requirements on deepening the financial services of manufacturing industry and helping to promote new industrialization, deepen the integration of industry and production, expand the implementation of the special project of "financial integration of science and technology industry", promote a virtuous circle of science and technology industry finance, and guide and encourage more financial resources to support key areas such as scientific and technological innovation, advanced manufacturing, green development and small and medium-sized enterprises. Improve the legal system in the field of industry and informatization. Strengthen the construction of standard system and improve the internationalization level of Chinese standards. Innovate management and service methods, improve the normal communication mechanism between government departments and enterprises, and enhance the targeted effectiveness of policy measures.

　　Strengthen the construction of manufacturing talent team. Man is the most active and decisive factor in the generation and development of new quality productive forces. Talent is the first resource. Vigorously strengthen the construction of manufacturing talent team, take forging key talent team as the main direction, take the implementation of major talent project plan as the starting point, cultivate, introduce and use talents in an all-round way, and fully stimulate the enthusiasm and vitality of all kinds of talents for innovation and creation. Relying on talent development projects, relying on projects to train talents, and cultivating a number of first-class scientific and technological leaders and innovative teams. In-depth implementation of enterprise management personnel quality improvement project, knowledge update project, organization to carry out outstanding engineer salary plan, manufacturing talent support plan, deepen the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, carry out large-scale vocational skills training, and cultivate a large number of outstanding engineers, great craftsmen and more highly skilled talents. Vigorously carry forward the spirit of scientists, entrepreneurs and craftsmen, and create a good atmosphere of being brave and good at innovation.

　　Expand high-level opening up. Opening to the outside world has injected a strong impetus into the development of new productive forces. Expand high-level opening-up in the field of industry and informatization, deeply participate in global industrial division of labor and cooperation, make good use of global innovation factor resources, and create a good international environment for the development of new quality productivity. We will implement measures to completely remove restrictions on foreign investment in manufacturing, carry out pilot projects to expand the opening-up of value-added telecommunications services, steadily expand institutional opening-up, implement national treatment for foreign-funded enterprises, strengthen intellectual property protection, continue to build a market-oriented, rule-of-law and international first-class business environment, strengthen service guarantee for key foreign-funded projects, and guide more foreign investment in advanced manufacturing, high-tech, energy conservation and environmental protection, and the central and western regions and northeast regions. Deepen the complementary cooperation with the industrial advantages of the "Belt and Road" countries, continue to promote the construction of the new industrial revolution partnership in BRICS countries, and promote the construction of a safe, stable, smooth, efficient, open, inclusive and mutually beneficial global industrial chain supply chain system. (Qiushi magazine)

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Mothers all know that folic acid is very important, which can prevent fetal neural tube defects and has many benefits for pregnant women and fetuses.

Don’t other people need supplements except during pregnancy? Where is more than 400 folic acid better than 10 yuan folic acid? What is the difference between OTC folic acid and folic acid in health food?

Xiao Lizi will take a look at all kinds of folic acid supplements today to see which one is the ultimate cost-effective choice.

According to the China Residents’ Dietary Nutrient Reference Intake Scale, most adults need 400μg folic acid every day, and pregnant women and lactating women need to take an extra 200μg and 150μg folic acid.

There are many food sources of folic acid: dark vegetables, animal livers, beans, nuts and other foods are rich.

However, the folic acid intake of Chinese people is far from enough. A study on dietary vitamin intake of China residents from 2010 to 2012 showed that folic acid intake was 180.9μg, and the adequacy ratio was only 9.0%.

▲ A good source of folic acid. Daily soul torture: Have you finished half a catty of fruit and one catty of vegetables recommended by the dietary guidelines?

For pregnant mothers and lactating women, it is more important to supplement enough folic acid in time to prevent fetal malformation. Guidelines for folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects during perinatal period (2017) suggest that:

● Healthy pregnant women should supplement 400μg or 800μg folic acid daily from the possible pregnancy or at least 3 months before pregnancy until the third month of pregnancy [2].

● Women with malabsorption, diabetes, obesity and birth history of neural tube defects have higher demand. Please consult a doctor for details [2].

No.

Dad-to-be can also make up together. Lack of folic acid may lead to poor sperm quality, and most literatures agree that folic acid may improve sperm quality. Therefore, when pregnant, husband and wife can make up together and remind each other that they are not afraid to forget.

Patients with cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have shown that folic acid supplementation through diet and/or supplements can prevent coronary heart disease and reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke [3].

Among the 30 folic acid products evaluated this time, there are 23 common folic acid and 7 active folic acid. We calculated their average values respectively, and found that the price difference is really not a little bit-

▲ There are few active folic acid products involved in this evaluation, and the data are for reference only.

Folic acid must be metabolized into active folic acid in the body to play its role, and 5- methyltetrahydrofolate is one of the active folic acids.

This metabolic process requires the participation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and the MTHFR gene expressing this enzyme is polymorphic. About 1/4 of the people in China expressed MTHFR gene with low activity of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.

This group of people may take 400μg of common folic acid every day, but the supplement effect is not significant.

There are also some studies showing that taking active folic acid (5- methyltetrahydrofolate) may be effective for women with MTHFR gene mutation.

For friends who know their MTHFR gene mutation through genetic testing, resulting in low activity of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, we suggest:

● According to the doctor’s advice, the dosage of common folic acid can be increased from 400μg to 800μg, for example.

● You can also directly choose to supplement active folic acid.

▲ Bully me for not knowing chemistry.

But for people who have no problem with folic acid metabolism, ordinary folic acid is enough. The recommended intake of folic acid given in dietary guidelines has taken into account the absorption rate of folic acid and dietary sources, so there is no need to pursue active folic acid.

Except active folic acid, the price of common folic acid is also very different. The lowest 0.1 yuan /400μg, and the highest 0.8 yuan /400μg# almost catch up with the price of some active folic acid #.

Some people may think that "the price is so low, the quality is definitely not good?"

▲ Left: 0.8 yuan/400μ g; Right: 0.3 yuan/400μ g.

Folic acid supplement is a kind of product with mature production technology and supply from raw materials to finished products. The price has little to do with product quality and effect.

Perhaps high-priced folic acid is more of a comfort to consumers, so there will be no worries about "so cheap, the quality is definitely not good".

In this evaluation, imported folic acid supplements are generally dietary supplements (health food), while most domestic folic acid supplements have an "OTC" logo, and a few are health food with a blue hat logo.

As soon as many people see "OTC" (over-the-counter drugs), they feel that products as medicines must be safer and more reassuring; There are also many marketing articles with little knowledge that OTC is safer, and take it as a selling point.

▲ Don’t you see that advertisements are also promoted like this?

The fact is not that simple. Here is a common sense question to share with you.

Health food is food first. When studying the formula and production, the effect may vary from person to person, but we must ensure the safety of long-term consumption.

OTC, that is, over-the-counter drugs, are drugs first. As a drug, curative effect is an important goal. Sometimes, a certain degree of safety can be sacrificed for curative effect (of course, OTC drugs are much safer than prescription drugs).

However, in the case of common folic acid products, due to the mature supply of raw materials and simple preparation process, there will be no obvious difference in supplementary efficacy between OTC and health food products, which are both common folic acid tablets. The difference between the two is more the difference of product laws and regulations, and the difference of sales channels and promotion methods brought about by it.

▲ As for the choice of tablets, folic acid supplements on the market are mostly tablets and less capsules. After reading the ingredients list, the difference is that there is no obvious difference in the price of the capsule shell outside. Mainly depends on personal acceptance of different dosage forms.

Selection guide:

1. Look at the dosage: Generally, people can choose 400μg folic acid supplement. People with other needs suggest consulting a doctor before choosing the dosage that suits them.

2. Cost performance: Although folic acid supplements are not expensive, save some money to buy fruit?

If you buy it yourself, you can refer to the products in the table, which have been arranged for you from high to low in price ~

Many people will choose multivitamins containing folic acid. You can read this article for multivitamin products suitable for pregnancy preparation and pregnancy. Of course, the most economical thing is to go to the community to get free folic acid. # Is there anyone who doesn’t know that folic acid will be distributed free of charge in the community? #

references

[1] He Yuna, Wang Zhu, Zhao Liyun. Dietary vitamin intake of China residents from 2010 to 2012 [J]. Journal of Nutrition, 2017,39 (2): 112-115.

[2] Working Group on guidelines for folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy. Guidelines for folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy (2017) [J]. China Journal of Reproductive Health, 2017,28 (5): 401-410.

[3] Cardiovascular Disease Committee of Chinese Rehabilitation Medical Association, Clinical Nutrition Branch of China Nutrition Society, Differentiation of Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases of Chinese Preventive Medical Association. Expert Consensus on Nutrition Prescription for Cardiovascular Diseases [J]. China Circulation Journal, 2014,29:124-130.

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The above information is only popular science and should not be regarded as medical advice.

Can not replace the doctor’s individualized judgment on a specific patient.

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Original title: "Is there really a difference between folic acid received free of charge in the community and more than 400 folic acid?" 》

Read the original text

　　Fake online dating, real dating, meeting is buy buy to buy … … Similar to the scams of "wine tray", "tea tray" and "rice tray", many of them occurred in Wuhan, and many victims were saddened by the new scam of "clothes tray" to play emotional cards and engage in consumer fraud.

　　The criminal suspect looks for a target man with spending power on the dating website and pretends to fall in love with him. After the "feelings" are stable, the fraud gang sends "clothes-supporting women" to "rush" with the target man (from online dating to offline real love), and uses routines to let the victims go to designated clothing stores to spend high prices on shopping. Afterwards, the "clothes girl" broke up with the victim for various reasons.

　　What makes it hard for the victim to imagine is that the criminal suspect who "talks about love" with himself on the Internet is not a "clothed woman" who meets him, but a strange man.

The criminal suspect prepared photos of all kinds of beautiful women in advance.

　　Online dating "rushing to cash", spending more than 20,000 yuan when meeting.

　　"I didn’t contact her for four days after I went home, and I realized that I was cheated." Mr. Wang, from Shiyan City, Hubei Province, once ran away with his online dating girlfriend, but he didn’t expect to be beaten away by more than 20,000 yuan in a short time.

　　Recalling this experience, Mr. Wang said, "I was carried away by love, but I didn’t expect to fall into the trap dug by others."

　　Mr. Wang, 30, posted information about marriage on a dating website, and then met a woman named "Xiaoxue". At the beginning, there was not much communication between the two, and it was not until June 2019 that they gradually became acquainted. During the chat, the woman claimed to be from Xiaogan, Hubei, and ran a nail salon with her friends in a shopping mall in Jianghan District, Wuhan.

　　In the subsequent online chat, the woman told Mr. Wang more "specific information" about herself and her family, and their "feelings" were established.

　　Mr. Wang has been away on business for a long time, and his social scope is narrow. When he reaches marriageable age, he is often urged to get married by his family. Seeing "Xiaoxue" confide in himself, he is deeply moved.

　　In December 2019, Mr. Wang, who came back from a business trip in Yunnan, agreed to meet with Xiaoxue in Wuhan.

　　On December 6, the two men "ran" in the shopping mall where "Xiaoxue" worked. As soon as they met, they talked happily and showed their affection for each other. Unexpectedly, the scam began.

　　After simply eating fast food, "Xiaoxue" took Mr. Wang’s hand and went shopping together, and finally took a walk to a clothing store. After entering the store, "Xiaoxue" took a fancy to two coats, two bags and a watch, and joked to Mr. Wang from time to time: "Look, does this coat look good on me? Is it appropriate to meet your parents? "

　　In order to please Xiaoxue, Mr. Wang didn’t worry too much and promised to pay 16,650 yuan for Xiaoxue. As a reward, "Xiaoxue" bought a necklace from 600 yuan in the store and personally put it around Mr. Wang’s neck.

　　After leaving the clothing store, the two went to drink milk tea nearby. "Xiaoxue" said to Mr. Wang aggrieved: "My skin is not very good. I am afraid that if I see your parents in the future, they will dislike it. I have taken a fancy to a set of cosmetics, and I hope you can give it to me … …” As she spoke, she sent Mr. Wang a set of cosmetics purchase links worth 4600 yuan. Mr. Wang loved "Xiaoxue" with all his heart and bought it. As a token of gratitude, Xiaoxue invited Mr. Wang to dinner that night.

　　On December 8, Mr. Wang returned to Shiyan, and he didn’t contact his "girlfriend" for several days, only then did he realize that he had been cheated.

Many of the chat records between the "keyboard player" and the victim are "professional words". Photo courtesy of respondents

　　Gang crime, clear division of labor.

　　What happened to Mr. Wang is not a case.

　　Mr. Shu from Jiangsu went to Jiang ‘an District of Wuhan City to date a woman who called herself "Xiaolei" on a dating website. After meeting, "Xiaolei" invited Mr. Shu to eat and watch movies. Subsequently, Mr. Shu spent more than 15,000 yuan on "Xiaolei" shopping. After the two separated, Mr. Shu contacted "Xiaolei" many times, but she always shirked it on the grounds of "busy work". Mr. Shu, who felt cheated, reported the case to the Jiang ‘an District Police Station.

　　Many cases have the same routine. The police started with a number of micro-signals such as "Xiaolei" and "Yingying" and found that the real users of these accounts were all men. According to the police analysis, this is a criminal fraud activity committed by a gang in the name of marriage and love: the criminal suspect pretends to be a woman online dating the target man on several dating websites, and defrauds the victim of money by shopping in designated clothing stores, asking for red envelopes, borrowing money, etc.

　　After investigation and judgment, the police in Jiang ‘an District concentrated their police force and went to several dens involved in the case, such as Jiang ‘an District and Jianghan District, respectively, to carry out network-closing operations. A total of 45 gang members were arrested and 19 computers and 73 mobile phones were seized.

　　According to reports, the fraud gang has a clear internal division of labor, playing the roles of "keyboard player", "trumpeter" and "clothes girl" respectively. The "keyboard player" is mainly male. In the early stage of committing a crime, he is responsible for pretending to be a young woman to find a single man with spending power on the dating website, building feelings through chatting, and then asking the victim to "show up" in the name of marriage and love.

　　Once a victim takes the bait, the "keyboard player" will send the man’s information, appointment time, place and historical chat records to the "trumpeter". The "trumpeter" is responsible for informing the boss of the news returned by the "keyboard player" and distributing it to the "clothes girl". According to the information sent back, the "clothes-supporting girl" plays the role of chatting online with the target man, takes the victim to the designated clothing store for consumption, and then sends back the clothes she bought to complete the fraud.

　　In order to prevent the victim from waking up to the police afterwards, the gang did not immediately "blacken" or delete the victim after the fraud, but stopped chatting with the victim under various excuses, expressing that the two were not suitable for falling in love.

　　"Exquisite acting" earned "a lot of money"

　　According to the police investigating the case, the gang has been "opened" since July 2019, earning "a lot of money" by fraud, committing more than 1,500 crimes involving more than 5 million yuan.

　　Liu, the "keyboard player", confessed that the designated clothing store usually operates normally and sells goods at a discount at the tag price, while the price of customers brought by "clothes-care women" is several times higher. After the gang succeeds every time, the "keyboard player" involved in the fraud can get a commission of 40% according to the amount of fraud, and the "clothes girl" can get a commission of 20%.

　　Liu has been in the company for more than a month, and talked about more than a dozen male netizens. Through the offline dating of "clothes supporting women", the victims of the routine spent more than 40,000 yuan, from which they made a profit of more than 16,000 yuan.

　　In July 2020, 13 people of the fraud gang were transferred to the Jianghan District Procuratorate of Wuhan for review and prosecution. According to prosecutor Hu Jizong, the people involved are mainly "post-90 s" and "post-00 s", and most of them have junior and high school education, and they take marriage fraud as their profession.

　　In order to expand the scale of fraud, the gang turned the rented residences in many places in Wuhan into office space and placed multiple computers for the use of "keyboard players".

　　Yang, a "keyboard player", confessed that they would collect beautiful pictures online beforehand, make up women’s names, and then register accounts with some matchmaking websites to chat with men in the same city, nearby and in the province.

　　In order to meet and spend money, they usually create a good image for their fictional female characters, and take the initiative to talk about fate and marriage with the target men and take the opportunity to "date".

　　Hu Jizong said that in order to prevent flaws, the gang also provided professional training and developed a set of professional words for the "keyboard players" to refer to. For example, how to pretend to be a woman and chat with the target man, how to get information about the other person’s work, hobbies, family situation, mate selection criteria, how to establish "feelings" with the target man and make an appointment to meet him at a designated place.

　　If the target man has a hobby of drinking and smoking, in order to consolidate their "feelings", the "keyboard player" will occasionally "care" the victim not to drink and smoke excessively in daily chat.

　　For some target men with strong spending power, the fraud gang will "pay special attention". "When the victim Mr. Wang began to fall into a scam, he was ‘ Keyboard player ’ Made a note, saying ‘ This man is rich, so we must find a way to keep him ’ 。” Hu Jizong said.

　　In September 2020, Jianghan District Procuratorate sued the case to Jianghan District Court. Recently, the court ruled that Liao, the leader of the gang, was sentenced to 3 years and 4 months in prison, and the remaining 12 gang members were sentenced to 1 year to 2 years and 9 months respectively. (Reporter Tanaka Quan)

Editor’s lead: E-commerce data is very important and critical for the e-commerce industry, and observation data is also an indispensable daily work. The author of this article systematically introduces the indicator system of e-commerce data, and introduces the indicator system of e-commerce data from many aspects. Let’s learn it together.

In major e-commerce platforms or e-commerce companies, the most common thing is this kind of data monitoring big screen, which is used to help platforms and businesses understand the business situation in real time.

To observe data, we must first establish a complete data index system and define clearly what we want to see and how to see it.

This paper will introduce the e-commerce data index system through the definition, system construction and detailed explanation of e-commerce data.

E-commerce data refers to digital information used to record user behavior, including quantitative data of a series of behavior habits such as user registration, login, traffic, click, consumption and repurchase.

To analyze the data, we must first understand the business process of e-commerce, and analyze the user’s business path through the business process, what indicators each path needs to pay attention to, and the business loss that each path may bring. Finally, a perfect business funnel is formed.

For example, from the user’s point of view, the business process of e-commerce can include the following important nodes:

From what channels do users become registered users of e-commerce, including their own apps or other delivery channels, including WeChat, Alipay, Tik Tok and below-the-line.

Here, we need to focus on the number of registered users in each channel and the customer acquisition cost of each channel, such as CPA (single registration cost).

When the user is registered, there will be an e-commerce page to undertake, which means that the user will have browsing and clicking behaviors. At this time, the user’s preferences and potential transactions can be judged through the user’s browsing behavior.

Here, we need to focus on observing the UV, PV, browsing time, product click-through rate and so on of each page.

It should be noted that in the e-commerce position, search is a very important entrance. When users have a clear shopping intention, they are more likely to reach the goods directly through search.

Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the relevant traffic of search, including search UV, PV, and result rate.

When users reach the commodity level, they will enter the transformation link of ordering and trading.

This is the core gold process of e-commerce and an important path for user transactions.

Here, we need to focus on the quantity of orders, the number of people placing orders, the amount of orders placed, the quantity of payment orders, the number of people paying, the payment amount, the customer unit price, the gross profit margin and so on.

At the same time, we need to pay attention to the situation of after-sales orders, but when orders are closed due to after-sales or other abnormal reasons, it is also a part of the loss for the platform. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the after-sales order quantity, closing quantity and closing rate.

For the platform, after acquiring a user, of course, it will be hoped that he will repurchase as much as possible and generate more GMV, that is, to improve ARPU(Average Revenue Per User) as much as possible, that is, the contribution value of a single user.

Therefore, we need to pay attention to user activity, repurchase rate, shopping cart situation and so on.

The shopping cart is actually an ordering tool, but according to the user’s habits, the goods added to the shopping cart are more likely to be purchased or repurchased later, so we can also pay attention to the usage rate of the shopping cart at this stage.

In addition to the user’s point of view, you can also build business processes and corresponding data systems from the perspective of goods, orders and stores.

Because users have a life cycle, goods also have a life cycle, from shelves, orders, transactions, to emptying inventory. A set of commodity data index system can also be established.

Based on the above data definition and business process explanation, we can first establish a set of data index system that is as perfect as possible, that is, covering all business processes and business perspectives.

In this BI system, through the indicators of different dimensions, it is built layer by layer.

Users are the foundation of the "people-goods-field" system of e-commerce. No one comes, no matter how high-quality goods and luxurious fields are, it doesn’t make any sense.

Only by operating users well can transformation be formed.

1) Basic user attributes

• Age;
• Gender;
• Provinces;
• City;
• Type: for example, the current identity of the user, such as student, white-collar worker, etc.
• Risk level: In many installment e-commerce businesses involving finance, the user’s risk level is an important attribute, which determines whether the user can obtain the quota and use installment shopping.

The basic attributes of the above users are mainly to help the platform build user portraits and analyze users’ e-commerce consumption preferences.

2) User’s trading behavior

• Days since the last transaction order;
• The amount of the last transaction order;
• Number of historical transaction orders;
• Historical transaction order amount.

Through the first two indicators, we can judge the current active state of the user and whether it is necessary to align for activation or recall.

Through the latter two indicators, we can clearly calculate the customer unit price of the user, that is, the ARPU value of the user, which is the key to measure the user value.

3) User life cycle

• Number of registered users: number of registered e-commerce platform users;
• Number of active users: the number of users who log in to the APP;
• Number of users browsing business details: the number of users browsing the product details page;
• Number of new users: the number of users with 0 historical transaction orders;
• Number of old users: the number of users with historical transaction orders greater than 0;
• Number of repurchased users: the number of users with historical transaction orders greater than 1;
• Number of silent users: the number of users who have logged in the APP for more than 30 days and less than 90 days;
• Number of lost users: the number of users who have logged into the APP for 90 days or more.

Differentiating users according to their life cycle is conducive to the hierarchical and refined operation of users. Different operation strategies are adopted for users at different stages. For example, new users can be urged to complete their first order as soon as possible through new coupons and push, and the number of silent users can be recalled through SMS and exclusive offers.

It should be noted that different platforms have different definitions of their own silent and lost users. Some platforms will judge by activity, while others will judge by transaction. This time, it is only for reference, and it needs to be formulated in combination with its own platform characteristics and business demands.

After users come in, the first pages to accept users are all levels, including APP access, home page, activity pages, business details pages and clicks on elements in each page. These are the key indicators of traffic statistics.

1）APP

• Number of APP openers;
• APP opening times;
• Each tab is exposed to uv;
• Expose PV for each tab;
• Click uv on each tab;
• Click PV for each tab;
• UV click rate of each tab = click uv of each tab/expose uv of each tab;
• The PV click rate of each tab = each tab clicks on PV/ each tab exposes PV.

In general, we define the number of people who open the APP as the number of activities, so we need to measure the activity by counting the number and times of opening the APP.

There are many bottom tabs in current apps, such as Taobao’s home page, shopping, messages, shopping cart and my Taobao.

Each tab will have a corresponding exposure and click, and the click rate can be calculated according to this.

2) Active Page

• Page exposure uv;
• Page exposure PV;
• Click uv on the page;
• Click PV on the page;
• Page UV click rate = page click UV/ page exposure UV;
• Page PV click rate = page click PV/ page exposure PV;
• Per capita exposure = page exposure PV/ page exposure UV;
• Per capita click = page click PV/ page click UV.

Activity pages include home page, activity pages at all levels, and channel pages. For the statistical traffic of pages, the most important thing is exposure and clicking, so that the traffic of an activity page can be judged.

You can also refer to the per capita click, click rate and other indicators to judge the attractiveness of a single activity page to users.

3) Active Page Element

• Element exposure UV
• Element exposure PV
• Element click UV
• Element click PV
• Element UV click rate = element click UV/ element exposure UV
• Element PV click rate = element click PV/ element exposure PV
• Per capita exposure = element exposure PV/ element exposure UV
• Per capita click = element click PV/ element click UV

Active page elements refer to the elements in the above pages, such as package station, banner, icon, feed stream, advertising space, pop-up window and floating.

This is the important data for the traffic monitoring of the active page. Only by knowing the click rate of each element can we know which content users are more interested in, and then guide the operation to design and adjust the page.

Especially for the placement of advertising space, many platforms need internal competition for the content of advertising space.

One of the main bases of competition is the click-through rate. If the content delivered has a high click-through rate, it means that the delivery value is relatively higher. Of course, this needs to be viewed in combination with the subsequent transformation.

4) Business details

• Business details page uv;
• Business details page PV;
• Add a shopping cart and click UV;
• Add a shopping cart and click PV;
• Buy now and click UV;
• Buy now, click PV.

The product details page is an important page in the payment process of ordering, which mainly records the user’s browsing and jumping to place an order.

In addition to basic browsing data, clicking on the car and buying data.

In fact, there are many modules in the business details page, such as the coupon layer, whether the user clicks to see which coupons are available and clicks to collect them.

In the actual embedding point, all the browsing and clicking of the bomb layer should have embedding points, and according to the business needs, the browsing and clicking data of the corresponding module on the page can be observed.

5) Order page

• Confirm the order page UV;
• Confirm the order page PV;
• Submit the order and click UV;
• Submit the order and click PV.

The order confirmation page is also the core page of the order payment process. When users want to place an order for payment, they must go through the order confirmation page to confirm the relevant information of the order, and then jump to payment.

Among them, page browsing data and click-to-submit order data are the most important, which are the key data indicators of the funnel of order placing process.

There are other modules that can also be properly concerned, such as the coupon layer, whether the user clicks to see which coupons are available and clicks to use them; Select the receiving address, elastic layer, etc.

6) Payment page

• Payment page uv;
• Payment page PV;
• Click uv to pay the order;
• Click PV to pay the order.

The payment page is the last page of the payment process, and it is also the key to the transaction. Only when the user finally makes a transaction will it mean the improvement of GMV. The payment page is also commonly called the cashier page.

Page browsing data and pay-per-click data are the most important, which are the key data indicators of the order process funnel.

Many platforms will also open other functions at the checkout counter, such as choosing different payment methods, supporting the choice of installment payment and choosing different installment numbers, and observing users’ payment preferences through their clicks.

In e-commerce business, search is a very important business entrance. When users have no clear purchase target, they may browse the recommended products in the feed stream.

But when users have a very clear purchase goal, search is always the first entrance for users.

1) Search the basic situation

• Search exposure uv;
• Search exposure PV;
• Search and click PV;
• Search and click PV;
• Search UV usage rate = search click UV/ search exposure UV;
• Search PV utilization rate = search click PV/ search exposure PV;
• Number of searches per capita = search click PV/ search click UV;
• Per capita search terms = (search results words+search results words)/search clicks UV.

Search portals will exist in multiple pages, usually on the home page, so that users can clearly see them, so it is necessary to record their exposure and click data and analyze the user’s use of search.

In addition, we can observe the number of searches per capita and the number of words. If users search a lot, on the one hand, it shows that their purpose of coming to the platform is clear, on the other hand, they need to pay attention to whether the relevant recommendations are not accurate enough, which leads users to use search frequently.

2) Search has results

• Search has results uv;
• Search has a result PV;
• Search for results, click on the results UV;
• Search for results and click on the results PV;
• Search results without clicking UV;
• Search results without clicking UV proportion = search results without clicking UV https://www.woshipm.com/data-analysis/search results with UV;
• Search for the amount of words with results;
• Search for the number of words with results and no clicks;
• Proportion of words with search results without clicking = words with search results without clicking/words with search results.

According to the search results, it can be divided into search with results and search without results. When the search has results, you can check the number and times of people who have search results and whether they click after the results.

If the search has results, but the proportion of no clicks is high, it may be necessary to pay attention to whether the search results are not accurate enough, and the products searched out are not what users want, so users don’t want to click.

3) Search has no results

• Search for no results uv;
• Search for no result PV;
• Proportion of people who search for no results = search for no results UV/search click UV;
• Search for fruitless words;
• Proportion of search words without results = search words without results/(search words with results+search words without results).

Compared with the search with results, the search without results needs to focus on the problem of word quantity.

If there are a lot of words with no results, and the proportion is high, it means that there is a shortage of goods or the search matching algorithm needs to be optimized.

When the proportion of users who have no results in the overall search increases, they need to pay attention to the optimization of search products immediately. If more and more users come to search but don’t get feedback, then more and more users will be lost.

In the search data, the observation idea can be:

1. Pay attention to the data without results first, reduce the proportion of search without results, and ensure that users can find things;
2. Then pay attention to the data with results, reduce the proportion of results without clicks, and ensure that what the user finds is what he wants;
3. Finally, pay attention to the click data with results, and judge whether the things searched and clicked by users have finally formed a transformation.

Commodities mainly depend on their sales volume and profit, with sales volume paid by placing orders and profit by gross profit.

1) Basic information of commodities

• Quantity of commodities;
• New quantity of goods;
• The number of goods in stock;
• No inventory quantity of goods;
• The goods are sold in quantity;
• No sales quantity of goods;
• New rate of goods = new quantity of goods/quantity of goods;
• Sales rate of commodities = quantity of commodities sold/quantity of commodities;
• The unsalable rate of commodities = unsold quantity of commodities/quantity of commodities;
• Commodity dumping rate = quantity of goods out of stock/quantity of goods.

The quantity of goods reflects the ability of "goods" in e-commerce, and transactions can only be made if goods are available first.

But in addition, we need to pay attention to several major indicators, and whether the new rate feedback platform on commodities has continuously iteratively updated commodities.

The sales rate of commodities ensures that not only commodities are available, but also people buy them.

If the slow-moving rate of video is too high, we need to take corresponding measures to enhance the exposure of long-tail goods.

If the commodity dumping rate is high, on the one hand, it can reflect the preferences of platform users, on the other hand, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the supply chain is complete and whether iterative optimization is needed to support commodity sales.

2) Commodity sales

• Number of people placing orders;
• Number of orders placed;
• Order amount;
• Number of payers;
• Payment odd number;
• Payment amount.

The data indicators of goods ordering and payment mainly feed back the sales of goods.

3) Commodity profit

• Gross profit of self-operated goods = transaction amount-procurement cost-storage cost-logistics cost+rebate;
• Gross profit of pop products = transaction amount * deduction ratio-platform promotion expenses.

The profit of commodities can be divided into self-operated commodities and pop commodities to calculate.

For the big platform, there are both self-operated goods and shops, and the profit of the platform is calculated by deducting points.

The gross profit of self-operated goods needs to deduct the purchase cost, storage cost and logistics cost from the transaction amount of goods.

In addition, there may be cooperation with the brand, and the corresponding rebate can be obtained for selling a certain commodity, which is also part of the income.

It should be noted that only the gross profit of goods is considered here, all from the perspective of goods, such as labor costs are not taken into account.

For pop goods, that is, goods sold in stores, the commission is generally calculated by deducting the proportion of points, and at the same time, the promotion expenses spent by the platform, such as the amount of coupons issued by the platform, are deducted.

Order is the core of e-commerce system and the key to all transformation and statistics. The whole order process includes ordering, payment, completion and after-sales.

1) Place an order

• Number of orders placed;
• Number of people placing orders;
• Order amount.

2) Deal

• Number of transactions;
• Number of transactions;
• Transaction amount;
• Unit price of clinched a deal = clinched a deal amount/clinched a deal quantity;
• Transaction customer unit price = transaction amount/number of transactions;
• Turnover rate = turnover/order number;
• Transaction order conversion rate = transaction quantity/order quantity.

In addition to the basic order transaction index, it is also necessary to observe the customer unit price, which is the key to measure the user’s value, and can also understand the user’s consumption habits.

In addition, through the conversion rate of the transaction, we can check the loss of the order, and then optimize the process funnel of payment under the order.

3) Close the bill

• Quantity of customs clearance;
• Number of people closing the bill;
• Amount of customs clearance;
• Automatic closing quantity;
• Manual closing quantity.

Order closing includes that the user cancels the order voluntarily or the system cancels the order for various reasons.

In addition to paying attention to quantity, we need to pay attention to the specific reasons for closing orders, such as the classification of the reasons why users cancel orders voluntarily, whether the price is too high or the quality is not good.

It is equivalent to a user survey, so as to iterate according to user feedback.

4) After sale

• Number of after-sales orders;
• Number of after-sales orders;
• Number of successful after-sales orders;
• Number of failed after-sales orders.

After-sale forms generally include refund, return and exchange. Observing the quantity of after-sales orders and the number of people can confirm the performance quality of orders. If the quantity of after-sales orders is too high, it indicates that there are problems in the quality and service of goods.

At the same time, we should also pay attention to the results of after-sales orders and judge whether we have provided good after-sales service for users.

E-commerce marketing is mostly completed through coupons and various promotional activities, including single product direct drop activities, full discount activities, and group activities. The basic measurement indicators of different activities are similar, but there are some gaps in the corresponding indicators because of the different settings of coupons.

1) coupons

• Circulation;
• Number of recipients;
• Number of coupons received;
• Collection rate = number of coupons received/circulation;
• Number of people using coupons;
• Number of coupons used;
• Coupon rate = number of coupons used/number of coupons received;
• Number of people placing orders with coupons;
• Number of orders placed with coupons;
• The amount of the order with the coupon;
• Number of people paid by coupons;
• Pay the single amount with coupons;
• The amount paid by coupons;
• Coupon investment amount = coupon payment amount * coupon denomination;
• Coupon ROI= coupon investment amount/coupon payment amount.

The coupon collection rate and coupon utilization rate can help operators find the funnel problem, whether users do not collect coupons or place orders without coupons after receiving them.

The ROI of coupons is the key to measure the value of coupon activities. The order amount brought by coupons can be confirmed by paying the amount with coupons, and then the total input cost can be obtained by multiplying the total number of coupons consumed by the coupon denomination, and finally the input-output ratio can be calculated.

2) Activities

• Number of people placing orders at the event;
• Number of active orders;
• Activity order amount;
• Number of people paying for activities;
• Activity payment bill quantity;
• Activity payment amount;
• Amount invested in the activity;
• Activity ROI= activity input amount/activity payment amount;
• Activity indicators are similar to coupons, mainly taking ROI as a measure of activity value.

The above indicators such as traffic, orders, commodities, marketing, etc. can be used not only for platform self-operation, but also for the operation measurement of platform-settled merchants.

If there is a platform with both self-operated and pop merchants like JD.COM, you only need to apply different indicators to different objects.

Data is a reliable basis for business improvement and iteration, a powerful basis for upgrading and transformation, and a reliable basis for strategic decision-making.

It represents the user’s behavior habits and ways, and it needs to be calculated, observed and analyzed to see the conclusion.

Data plays an irreplaceable role in e-commerce and is the guarantee for its continuous development.

Only by building a complete and clear data index system can we achieve business transformation through data promotion.

The core of e-commerce data indicators includes users, traffic, search, goods, orders and marketing.

Each company and business may be slightly different, which can be adjusted according to the actual situation, and finally build a data system that matches its own business.

　

Author: Ball, WeChat WeChat official account: product balls.

This article was originally published by @ yo-yo. Everyone is a product manager. It is forbidden to reprint without permission.

The title map comes from Unsplash and is based on CC0 protocol.

[Moderator Hu Wenhui, director of China National Intellectual Property Administration’s office] Good morning, friends from the press! Welcome to China National Intellectual Property Administration’s press conference. This press conference is the first regular press conference in China National Intellectual Property Administration in 2017. Thank you for your concern and support for China’s intellectual property cause in 2016. Next, I would like to introduce the leaders who attended today’s conference: Gong Yalin, Director of Planning and Development Department; Zheng Huifen, Director of Examination Management Department of Patent Office; Ge Shu, Deputy Director of Patent Reexamination Board; and Zhao Meisheng, Deputy Director of Patent Management Department. I’m Hu Wenhui, spokesperson and director of the office. Next, I will release the main work statistics and relevant information of China National Intellectual Property Administration in 2016.

[2017-01-19 10:01]

[Hu Wenhui] I. Main work statistics and other relevant information
　　In 2016, our bureau accepted 1.339 million invention patent applications, with a year-on-year increase of 21.5%, ranking first in the world for six consecutive years. A total of 404,000 invention patents were authorized, including 302,000 domestic invention patents, an increase of 39,000 compared with 2015 and a year-on-year increase of 14.5%. In the domestic invention patent authorization, there are 276,000 service inventions, accounting for 91.4%; The number of non-service inventions was 26,000, accounting for 8.6%.

[2017-01-19 10:02]

[Hu Wenhui] In 2016, the top ten domestic (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) enterprises in China were: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (4,906), China Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (4,405), LeTV Holdings (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (4,197) and ZTE Corporation (3,947). 778 pieces), BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd. (3,569 pieces), Zhuhai Gree Electric Co., Ltd. (3,299 pieces), Beijing Xiaomi Mobile Software Co., Ltd. (3,280 pieces), Nubian Technology Co., Ltd. (2,912 pieces) and State Grid Corporation (2,784 pieces).

[2017-01-19 10:03]

[Hu Wenhui] In 2016, the top ten domestic (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) enterprises in China were: State Grid Corporation (4,146), Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (2,690), China Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (2,555), ZTE Corporation (1,587) and BOE Technology. 228 pieces), Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. (1,027 pieces), Zhuhai Gree Electric Co., Ltd. (871 pieces), China Oil and Gas Co., Ltd. (867 pieces), Lenovo (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (763 pieces) and Shanghai Hua Hong Hongli Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (721 pieces).

[2017-01-19 10:04]

[Hu Wenhui] By the end of 2016, the number of invention patents in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) totaled 1.103 million, and the number of invention patents per 10,000 population reached 8.0. The top ten provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) with invention patents per 10,000 population in China are: Beijing (76.8), Shanghai (35.2), Jiangsu (18.4), Zhejiang (16.5), Guangdong (15.5), Tianjin (14.7), Shaanxi (7.3).

[2017-01-19 10:05]

[Hu Wenhui] In 2016, our bureau accepted 45,000 PCT patent applications, a year-on-year increase of 47.3%. Among them, 42,200 pieces came from China, up 48.5% year-on-year; 2800 pieces came from abroad, up 31.2% year-on-year. In 2016, there were 19 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) with more than 100 PCT patent applications, an increase of 3 compared with 2015. Among them, there are 23,600 in Guangdong, ranking first, and more than 1,000 in Beijing, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shandong and Zhejiang. The number of PCT patent applications in the above six provinces and cities accounts for nearly 90% of the national total.

[2017-01-19 10:06]

[Hu Wenhui] In 2016, there were 4,834 patent applications published in countries along the Belt and Road (excluding China), up 47.1% year-on-year, and the number of destination countries for patent applications was 18, up 3 from 2015. Among them, 3,017 patents were applied in India, up 131.5% year-on-year. In 2016, countries along the Belt and Road applied for 3,697 patents in China, an increase of 18.2% over 2015.

[2017-01-19 10:07]

[Hu Wenhui] In 2016, the total number of patent administrative law enforcement cases nationwide was 48,916, a year-on-year increase of 36.5%. Among them, 20,859 cases of patent disputes were handled (including 20,351 cases of patent infringement disputes), a year-on-year increase of 42.8%; 28,057 counterfeit patent cases were investigated, up 32.1% year-on-year.

[2017-01-19 10:07]

[Hu Wenhui] In 2016, the Patent Reexamination Board accepted 13,107 reexamination requests, closed 17,623 reexamination requests, accepted 3,969 invalidation requests and closed 4,100 invalidation requests.

[2017-01-19 10:08]

[Hu Wenhui] In 2016, the Bureau further intensified the reform of the patent agency "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" and abolished the provision of "preliminary examination and approval of the establishment of patent agencies" under the responsibility of provincial intellectual property offices. Issued the "Pilot Work Plan for the Reform of Patent Agency Industry" to relax the conditions for shareholders or partners of patent agencies. In 2001, 269 patent agencies were approved, of which 65 enjoyed the pilot reform policy. The national patent agent qualification examination process was further optimized, with more than 30,000 applicants and a total of 4,954 people passing the examination, all reaching record highs. Up to now, the number of patent agencies in China has exceeded 1,500, with more than 14,000 licensed patent agents.

[2017-01-19 10:08]

[Hu Wenhui] First, China’s domestic invention patents have exceeded 1 million. By the end of 2016, the number of domestic invention patents in China reached 1.103 million, surpassing 1 million for the first time. China is the third country in the world with more than one million domestic invention patents after the United States and Japan. The number of invention patents per 10,000 population in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) reached 8.0, 1.7 more than that at the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan, which laid a good foundation for completing the target of 12 invention patents per 10,000 population in the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan.

[2017-01-19 10:09]

[Hu Wenhui] Second, the main features

[2017-01-19 10:09]

[Hu Wenhui] Second, China’s invention patent creation has achieved a rise in quantity and quality. 2016 is the first year of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan". The number of domestic invention patent applications accepted and authorized continues to grow steadily, and the structure is further optimized. The proportion of invention patent applications in all patent applications remains around 40%, and enterprises account for more than 60% of domestic invention patent applications and authorizations. The ability of patent creation and application of innovation subjects, mainly enterprises, has been continuously improved. At the same time, the improvement of patent acceptance and approval ability in China has also provided a solid guarantee for the protection of innovation achievements.

[2017-01-19 10:09]

[Hu Wenhui] Third, there is still a gap between the patent layout in some fields and foreign countries. Among the 35 technical fields classified by the World Intellectual Property Organization, in 2016, the number of domestic invention patents was higher than that of foreign invention patents in China, an increase of one over that in 2015. However, there are still gaps between China and foreign countries in six fields, such as optics, engines, transportation, semiconductors, audio-visual technology and medical technology. For example, in the fields of optics and engines, the number of invention patents owned by foreign countries is 1.4 times and 1.2 times that of China respectively. Judging from the effective invention patents that have been maintained for more than 10 years, the number of foreign patents in China is 1.9 times that in China, and the transportation field has reached 5.7 times. Therefore, China still needs to strengthen the patent layout in some technical fields.

[2017-01-19 10:10]

[Hu Wenhui] Fourth, the growth of foreign patent applications by Chinese applicants is strong. In the process of implementing the "going out" strategy in China, a number of innovative enterprises have emerged that pay attention to and rely on intellectual property rights to participate in international competition, which has driven the number of PCT patent applications in China to a record high. In 2016, 42,000 PCT patent applications were submitted by Chinese applicants through China National Intellectual Property Administration, with a year-on-year growth rate of 48.5%. However, compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap in China’s overseas patent layout ability. According to the data of the World Intellectual Property Organization, in 2015, the number of foreign invention patent applications in China only ranked sixth in the world, about 1/6 of that in the United States, 1/5 of that in Japan and less than half of that in Germany. Therefore, China urgently needs to strengthen the ability of overseas patent layout.

[2017-01-19 10:11]

[Hu Wenhui] The above is the main work statistics and relevant information of our bureau in 2016. Next, please ask reporters to ask questions on related issues, and please inform your media when you ask questions.

[2017-01-19 10:12]

[CCTV reporter] You mentioned in the release that in 2016, China’s domestic invention patents exceeded 1 million, making it the third country in the world to have more than 1 million domestic invention patents, and it has reached a large scale in terms of quantity. What safeguards are there to improve the quality of patents?

[2017-01-19 10:12]

[Gong Yalin, Director of Planning and Development Department of China National Intellectual Property Administration] The number of domestic invention patents refers to the number of invention patents authorized by China National Intellectual Property Administration and within the validity period owned by Chinese residents.
　　Internationally, the number of domestic invention patents is usually regarded as an important index to measure and evaluate the innovation level of a country. At present, China’s invention patent application and authorization both rank first in the world, which shows that under the background of implementing innovation-driven development strategy and intellectual property strategy, the creative enthusiasm and ability of innovation subjects in China are rising. On the other hand, it also benefits from the remarkable improvement of China’s patent acceptance and approval ability, and the approval efficiency is constantly improving. China is the third country with more than 1 million invention patents after the United States and Japan, which is the result of strengthening the protection and application of intellectual property rights in China, and shows the basic guarantee function of patent system for stimulating innovation.

[2017-01-19 10:13]

[Gong Yalin] In the first 25 years since the implementation of the patent system in China, the number of foreign invention patents in China has been higher than that in China. In 2011, the number of domestic invention patents in China surpassed that of foreign countries for the first time; After another five years, the number of effective invention patents in China has exceeded one million, which is conducive to China’s innovative subjects occupying a favorable position in market competition and reflects the effectiveness of China’s innovation and development. Nevertheless, we should see that the number of patents still needs to be solved. In China, there are not many effective invention patents that have been maintained for more than 10 years, and the number in some key fields is not dominant, which needs to be strengthened. Therefore, in the just-released "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" for the protection and application of intellectual property rights, key arrangements have been made to further improve the quality and efficiency of intellectual property rights. In the next step, we will comprehensively promote the quality improvement of all links in the whole chain of patent creation, application, agency, examination, protection and application in accordance with the working concept of "quality wins, quantity distribution".

[2017-01-19 10:14]

[China Daily reporter] Please tell us about the invalid patent examination and patent reexamination cycle in China in 2016. What measures does China National Intellectual Property Administration take to manage the examination cycle when the number of patent applications has increased substantially?

[2017-01-19 10:15]

[Zheng Huifen, Director of Review Business Management Department] In 2016, China’s patent review cycle remained basically stable as a whole. Among them, the invention review cycle was stable at 22 months, and the new and appearance closing cycle was stable at 3 months.
　　In recent years, the number of patent applications in China has increased continuously and rapidly, which has actually brought great pressure to the management of patent examination cycle. China National Intellectual Property Administration has always adhered to the mode of whole-process and segmented target management, scientifically deployed examination human resources, made great efforts to clean up cases with extremely long cycles, and adopted various examination methods such as priority examination and pilot centralized examination, which basically maintained the stability of the examination cycle. Under the background of rapid growth of patent applications in China, the stability of the cycle was hard to come by.

[2017-01-19 10:16]

[Ge Shu, Deputy Director of the Patent Reexamination Board] In 2016, the average closing period of reexamination reached 11.9 months, and the average closing period of invalid cases reached 5.1 months, down 1.8 months and 0.7 months respectively. By constantly strengthening internal management, the Reexamination Committee, on the one hand, optimizes internal processes and management modes, and carries out short-cycle case management pilots to shorten the case review cycle, on the other hand, it reduces the number of long-cycle cases by strengthening the management and control of long-cycle cases. It has achieved a double decline in the period of retrial and invalid closing.

[2017-01-19 10:17]

[Reporter of China Intellectual Property News] Please tell us about the law enforcement cases against patent infringement and counterfeiting in 2016, especially in the fields of e-commerce?

[2017-01-19 10:18]

[Zhao Meisheng, Deputy Director of the Patent Management Department] In 2016, the efforts to crack down on patent infringement and counterfeiting were further strengthened, the efficiency of handling cases was further improved, the structure was further optimized, and the law enforcement work in key areas was significantly strengthened, which enhanced the confidence of the majority of innovation subjects and market subjects in patent protection and played an important role in creating a good environment for innovation and development. Specifically:
　　In terms of handling efficiency, the settlement rate of various patent cases in 2016 was 97.5%, up 4.3 percentage points year-on-year; Among them, the settlement rate of patent infringement disputes was 94.4%, up 0.8 percentage points year-on-year, and the efficiency of law enforcement was further improved.

[2017-01-19 10:19]

[Zhao Meisheng] In terms of case handling structure, the ratio of patent disputes to counterfeit patents in 2016 was about 1: 1.35, which was more optimized than the 1: 1.45 structure in 2015. The proportion of difficult patent disputes in the total cases increased year by year, and the handling capacity of the whole system was further improved.
　　Law enforcement efforts in key areas such as e-commerce have continued to increase. In 2016, the number of patent law enforcement cases in the field of e-commerce was 13,123, a year-on-year increase of 71.4%; Cross-regional law enforcement cooperation has been further strengthened by establishing a patent law enforcement cooperation and scheduling mechanism in the field of e-commerce.

[2017-01-19 10:20]

[Hu Wenhui] Thank you for attending today’s press conference. In another week, the Spring Festival will be held. Here, I wish you good health, smooth work and a happy family. This is the end of the press conference, thank you!

[2017-01-19 10:21]

On May 16th, Baidu (NASDAQ：BIDU, HKEX：9888) released its unaudited financial report for the first quarter ended March 31st, 2023. In the first quarter, Baidu achieved revenue of 31.1 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 10%; The net profit attributable to Baidu was 5.8 billion yuan, and the net loss attributable to Baidu last year was 885 million yuan; Baidu’s net profit reached 5.7 billion yuan, up 48% year-on-year.

It is worth noting that Baidu AI Cloud achieved a profit under non-GAAP (non-American Accounting Standards) for the first time in this quarter.

When CBN sent Baidu’s first-quarter results to ERNIE Bot and asked it what it thought, ERNIE Bot gave the wrong financial data in the first answer. After the reporter continued to ask, it finally gave the correct financial data, indicating that these data showed that Baidu’s performance maintained a strong growth momentum under the background of economic recovery, and said that the profitability of cloud business was an important milestone, which meant that Baidu’s position in the digital economy was strengthened and predicted its future development potential.

Li Yanhong, CEO of Baidu, said that he believed that the emergence of generative artificial intelligence and large-scale language models showed the transformative potential of artificial intelligence in all walks of life, and Baidu planned to steadily incorporate ERNIE Bot into all its businesses. Luo Rong, CFO of Baidu, said that in the next few quarters, Baidu will continue to unswervingly invest in the field of generative artificial intelligence.

In addition, in the first quarter, Baidu repurchased 195 million US dollars of shares. Baidu shares rose 3.3% in pre-market trading in the United States.

Under the condition of reducing cost and increasing efficiency

In the first quarter, Baidu’s core online marketing revenue was 16.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 6%; Baidu’s non-GAAP increased by 45% year-on-year to 5.36 billion yuan. The core performance growth of Baidu has promoted the profit growth of Baidu Group.

The growth of profitability, on the one hand, benefited from the rapid economic recovery in China, which led to a substantial increase in marketing budgets in tourism, business services and local services; On the other hand, it lies in the continuous implementation of Baidu’s comprehensive cost reduction and efficiency improvement measures in the past year.

At the beginning of January this year, Baidu, which has always emphasized the investment in technology and R&D, once reflected on the gap between technology R&D and practical application at an internal staff meeting. At that time, Li Yanhong emphasized the importance of matching technology with the market, and asked technical experts not to "flatter themselves" and do what the market really needed. He also mentioned that he encountered many unexpected situations in terms of "reducing costs and increasing efficiency". For example, many employees don’t have a deep understanding of the nature of business, especially Baidu’s many new businesses are losing money. After a long time, employees and even some executives feel that losing money is a matter of course and will not think about making money.

Li Yanhong said that Baidu has begun to adjust. Gross profit is more quality than income, and it should also pay attention to operating profit and cash flow.

Judging from the results announced by Baidu today, Baidu’s revenue cost in the first quarter was 15.2 billion yuan, down 3% from the same period of last year; R&D expenditure was 5.4 billion yuan, down 3% from the same period of last year. Expenditure on sales, general affairs and administration was 5.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 20%.

In terms of user data, in March 2023, the MAU (monthly active users) of Baidu App reached 657 million, a year-on-year increase of 4%. Baidu also disclosed for the first time that e-commerce revenue has become the highlight of the mobile ecology. In the first quarter, the quarterly GMV contributed by Baidu search increased by 55% year-on-year.

In terms of intelligent driving, in the first quarter of 2023, the order volume of Baidu’s autopilot service radish run was about 660,000, a year-on-year increase of 236%.

As of March 31, 2023, the total value of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments held by Baidu was 194 billion yuan. If Aiqiyi is excluded, the total value of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments held by Baidu is 188.8 billion yuan.

Test the big model in all businesses.

　In the first quarter of this year, Baidu’s share price experienced a sharp rise in the rumor stage because it would launch an AI product similar to ChatGPT, but it also fell more than 10% on the day of product release and rebounded the next day.

"The fluctuation reflects the contradictory mentality that investors have both expectations and fears for Baidu’s AI product." Zhang Yi, CEO of Ai Media Consulting, said in an interview with CBN.

On March 16th this year, ERNIE Bot, a Baidu ChatGPT product, launched an invitation test, which demonstrated the ability of AI in five usage scenarios: literary creation, commercial copywriting, mathematical calculation, Chinese understanding and multimodal generation.

At present, Baidu is rapidly integrating ERNIE Bot into all its businesses for testing, and using its capabilities to reshape the company’s products and services for enterprises and consumers. For example, Baidu Library has been connected to ERNIE Bot by internal testing, and launched "Baidu Library Document Assistant" to generate professional documents for users; ERNIE Bot has also been fully applied in the intelligent work platform "Ruliu" to solve difficult problems and improve work efficiency. Baidu said that up to now, ERNIE Bot has completed four major technological upgrades, and more than 300 eco-partners participated in the internal testing in ERNIE Bot, and achieved testing results in more than 400 internal scenarios of enterprises.

With the maturity and involution of the mobile Internet, the competition in the field of artificial intelligence today is more intense than ever. Some people call the big model entrepreneurship that has been piled up in recent days "Hundred Models War". In the face of the entrepreneurial wave of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AIGC), Li Yanhong also said that the challenges faced by Baidu are unprecedented. Whether Baidu ERNIE Bot can catch up with ChatGPT depends on Baidu’s own efforts, ability to seize opportunities and execution. "Whether our strategy, talents, organizational mechanism and culture can adapt to the new situation and whether we can continue to innovate in the new environment is a matter of life and death."

Under the new wave of artificial intelligence driven by big models, customers generally have more demand for cloud computing. In the past, cloud computing mainly sold computing power, depending on speed and storage. Today, customers buy cloud services based on whether the framework and model are good or not, not just on computing power. In the eyes of the industry, the once stable domestic cloud computing pattern is welcoming variables.

Because the big model is still in its early stage, Baidu has not announced the revenue brought by the big model, but as the underlying foundation of the big model, the financial report shows that Baidu AI Cloud achieved a non-GAAP in the first quarter, and its revenue increased by 8% to 4.2 billion yuan. According to Baidu, from the second quarter of 2022, Baidu AI Cloud will focus on sustainable growth and improve its business health.